Trace Minerals Flashcards
SOurce of iron
Meat, fish, poultry, eggs
Factors that increase bioavailability? Decrease?
Increase - deficiency in That mineral, cooking, vitamin C increases the absorption of iron.
Decrease - binders such as oxaloacetates, phytates, polyphenols (in coffee and tea), supplementation of one mineral might affect absorption of competing minerals.
2 forms of iron
Ferrous - 2+
Ferric - 3+
What is irons transport protein?
Transferrin
What are the two storage proteins of Iron
Ferritin
Hemosiderin
In what food will iron have heme ?Which won’t?
Animals provide heme iron
Plants provide non-heme iron
Factors that influence non-heme iron absorption
Enhance - if there is a need for it in the body
- vitamin C
- MPF - peptide in meat, fish, poultry
- heme iron
- sugars
- acids
Inhibits - binding agents such as oxalates, phytates
- low gastric acid
- infection
- GI disease
- calcium zine, and manganese
Where. Is iron absorbed?
Duodenum
Absorption of iron
Heme is transported across the brush border of the duodenum. In order for this to occur, the Fe3+ must then be changed to Fe2+. Ferroportin transport this iron outside of the enterocytes. Ceruloplasmin converts Fe2+ back to Fe3+. The Iron is then picked up by transferrin to circulate through the body.
Symptoms of iron deficiency
Epithelial changes
Fatigue, faintness, cold extremities, infections, Low IQ, PICA
- Freddie Freeman Could Inch In Presumably
Glossitis, Angular Stomatitis, Koilonychia (spoon nails)
- Gee A Small Kid
Stages of iron deficiency
- serum ferritin diminishes
- transferrin saturation goes down
- Hb levels decline
What will RBCs look like in iron deficiency?
Microcytic hypochromic
Iron overload
Hemochromatosis - excess iron in fibrotic tissue damage.
- risks for cancer and heart disease.
- could be genetic that you absorb too much iron.
- could cause bronzed skin called “bronze diabetes”
Sources of Zinc
Seafood
What is the carrier protein for Zinc?
Metallothionein.
Function of ZInc
- Cofactor for enzymes involved in carb, fat, and protein metabolism.
- synthesis of heme, DNA, and RNA
- gene expression
- immune function
- sexual maturation
- sense of taste and smell
Tell tale sign of genetic zinc deficiency
Acrodermatitis enteropathica - dermatitis around the orifices
Symptoms of zinc deficiency
Poor appetite, changes in taste, loss of smell, hair Loss, skin problems, poor wound healing, impaired immunity, growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation
-
What population often gets Zinc deficiency?
Middle eastern because of eating Unleavened bread.
Toxicity
Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.
- prolonged could cause Urinary Tract Infections
- prolonged could cause impaired Copper status
- — often used as a treatment for Wilson’s disease.
Carrier protein for COpper
Albumin - from intestine to tissues
Ceruloplasmin - from liver to tissues
Three enzymes that copper works with
Lysyl oxidase - elastin and collagen
Superoxide Dismutase - protection from ROS
Monoamine Oxidase - neurotransmitters
- LYSDMO
Copper deficiency
Menses syndrome
- silvery white hair, soft and lax skin, neurological problems over time,
Copper toxicity
Wilsons Disease - copper deposits in the brain, kidney, cornea, liver, with actual low copper levels.
- abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. .
SOuces of selenium
Seafood, nuts, meats
- BRAZIL NUT
Forms of selenium
Selenocysteine - active
Selenomethionene - storage pool
Function of selenium
- Essential for normal thyroid function
- essential for normal immune function
Selenium deficiency
Keshawn disease - enlarged heart with poor cardiac function.
Selenium toxicity
upset GI Joint pain Hair loss Nail discoloration Fatigue
Fluoride deficiency
Dental cavities
Fluoride toxicity
Mottled teeth
No health risk
Discoloration of teeth
Goitrogens
Vegetables decreasing iodine absorption in the gut
Role of iodine
Part of thyroid hormones
- temp, metabolic rate, repro, growth, blood cell production, nerve and muscle function
Iodine deficiency
Goiter
Cretinism if in fetal growth
Iodine toxicity
Goiter
Chromium
Enhances Insulin action
Cobalt
Constituent of B12
