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GI > Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

SOurce of iron

A

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs

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2
Q

Factors that increase bioavailability? Decrease?

A

Increase - deficiency in That mineral, cooking, vitamin C increases the absorption of iron.
Decrease - binders such as oxaloacetates, phytates, polyphenols (in coffee and tea), supplementation of one mineral might affect absorption of competing minerals.

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3
Q

2 forms of iron

A

Ferrous - 2+

Ferric - 3+

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4
Q

What is irons transport protein?

A

Transferrin

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5
Q

What are the two storage proteins of Iron

A

Ferritin

Hemosiderin

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6
Q

In what food will iron have heme ?Which won’t?

A

Animals provide heme iron

Plants provide non-heme iron

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7
Q

Factors that influence non-heme iron absorption

A

Enhance - if there is a need for it in the body

  • vitamin C
  • MPF - peptide in meat, fish, poultry
  • heme iron
  • sugars
  • acids

Inhibits - binding agents such as oxalates, phytates

  • low gastric acid
  • infection
  • GI disease
  • calcium zine, and manganese
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8
Q

Where. Is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum

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9
Q

Absorption of iron

A

Heme is transported across the brush border of the duodenum. In order for this to occur, the Fe3+ must then be changed to Fe2+. Ferroportin transport this iron outside of the enterocytes. Ceruloplasmin converts Fe2+ back to Fe3+. The Iron is then picked up by transferrin to circulate through the body.

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10
Q

Symptoms of iron deficiency

Epithelial changes

A

Fatigue, faintness, cold extremities, infections, Low IQ, PICA
- Freddie Freeman Could Inch In Presumably

Glossitis, Angular Stomatitis, Koilonychia (spoon nails)
- Gee A Small Kid

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11
Q

Stages of iron deficiency

A
  • serum ferritin diminishes
  • transferrin saturation goes down
  • Hb levels decline
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12
Q

What will RBCs look like in iron deficiency?

A

Microcytic hypochromic

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13
Q

Iron overload

A

Hemochromatosis - excess iron in fibrotic tissue damage.

  • risks for cancer and heart disease.
  • could be genetic that you absorb too much iron.
  • could cause bronzed skin called “bronze diabetes”
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14
Q

Sources of Zinc

A

Seafood

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15
Q

What is the carrier protein for Zinc?

A

Metallothionein.

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16
Q

Function of ZInc

A
  • Cofactor for enzymes involved in carb, fat, and protein metabolism.
  • synthesis of heme, DNA, and RNA
  • gene expression
  • immune function
  • sexual maturation
  • sense of taste and smell
17
Q

Tell tale sign of genetic zinc deficiency

A

Acrodermatitis enteropathica - dermatitis around the orifices

18
Q

Symptoms of zinc deficiency

A

Poor appetite, changes in taste, loss of smell, hair Loss, skin problems, poor wound healing, impaired immunity, growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation

-

19
Q

What population often gets Zinc deficiency?

A

Middle eastern because of eating Unleavened bread.

20
Q

Toxicity

A

Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

  • prolonged could cause Urinary Tract Infections
  • prolonged could cause impaired Copper status
  • — often used as a treatment for Wilson’s disease.
21
Q

Carrier protein for COpper

A

Albumin - from intestine to tissues

Ceruloplasmin - from liver to tissues

22
Q

Three enzymes that copper works with

A

Lysyl oxidase - elastin and collagen
Superoxide Dismutase - protection from ROS
Monoamine Oxidase - neurotransmitters
- LYSDMO

23
Q

Copper deficiency

A

Menses syndrome

- silvery white hair, soft and lax skin, neurological problems over time,

24
Q

Copper toxicity

A

Wilsons Disease - copper deposits in the brain, kidney, cornea, liver, with actual low copper levels.
- abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. .

25
Q

SOuces of selenium

A

Seafood, nuts, meats

- BRAZIL NUT

26
Q

Forms of selenium

A

Selenocysteine - active

Selenomethionene - storage pool

27
Q

Function of selenium

A
  • Essential for normal thyroid function

- essential for normal immune function

28
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

Keshawn disease - enlarged heart with poor cardiac function.

29
Q

Selenium toxicity

A 
upset GI
Joint pain
Hair loss
Nail discoloration 
Fatigue
30
Q

Fluoride deficiency

A

Dental cavities

31
Q

Fluoride toxicity

A

Mottled teeth
No health risk
Discoloration of teeth

32
Q

Goitrogens

A

Vegetables decreasing iodine absorption in the gut

33
Q

Role of iodine

A

Part of thyroid hormones

- temp, metabolic rate, repro, growth, blood cell production, nerve and muscle function

34
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Goiter

Cretinism if in fetal growth

35
Q

Iodine toxicity

A

Goiter

36
Q

Chromium

A

Enhances Insulin action

37
Q

Cobalt

A

Constituent of B12

GI (27 decks)

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