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AA4 Clinical Vet Pathology > Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Water, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

result of loss of electrolytes, shifts of
certain electrolytes, or relative changes in concentrations caused by loss of water

A

electrolyte imbalance

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2
Q

half of the total body concentration of sodium is found in?

A

the ECF

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3
Q

renal excretion of Na+ is controlled by?

A

aldosterone

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4
Q

an anion of highest concentration in the ECF

A

Chloride

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5
Q

responsible for the maintenance of acid-base balance

A

Bicarbonate

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6
Q

normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45 (7.3-7.5)

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7
Q

mixture of a weakly dissociated acid and a salt of that acid

A

buffer

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8
Q

is of assistance in understanding and explaining pH control of body fluids

A

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

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9
Q

buffer system most important in the control of blood pH

A

bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer systems (HCO3-/H2CO3)

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10
Q

HCO3-/H2CO3 normal plasma ratio

A

20:1

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11
Q

respiratory center found in the medulla oblongata is sensitive to blood levels of?

A

pCO2

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12
Q

occurs when loss of body water exceeds intake

A

Dehydration

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13
Q

Loss of body fluids may occur as a result of?

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. prolonged vomiting
  3. sequestration of fluid from the digestive tract
  4. prolonged fever
  5. sweating
  6. exudating burns of open wounds
  7. excessive blood loss and
  8. uncontrolled polyuria.
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14
Q

During measurement of dehydration in RBC concentration, these values are increased.

A

PCV, Hgb and TEC

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15
Q

occurs because of excessive Na loss

A

hyponatremia

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16
Q

used for estimating electrolyte levels in
serum and plasma

A

Plasma photometry and ion-specific electrodes

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17
Q

Chloride levels are determined by?

A

mercurimetric
technique and ion specific electrode

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18
Q

Laboratory tests useful in determining acid-base balance

A

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

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19
Q

Partial Pressure of CO2 is expressed in?

A

mm.Hg.

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20
Q

level of bicarbonate can be determined directly
by which technique?

A

tritrimetric technique

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21
Q

Carbonic acid is not directly measured but by multiplying?

A

pCO2 by 0.03

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22
Q

it is estimated by
subtracting 1.2 from the total carbon dioxide values

A

Bicarbonate concentration

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23
Q

condition where CO2 elimination is decreased and blood carbonic acid concentration and
pCO2 are increased

A

Respiratory acid

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24
Q

deficiency of carbonic acid as a consequence of pCO2 loss

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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25
Q

Respiratory alkalosis may occur with? (3)

A
  1. Hyperventilation
  2. With general anesthesia
  3. Early heat prostration
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26
Q

proportion of water in an animal’s body

A

45 to 70%

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27
Q

Proportion of water in an animal’s body is inversely proportional to the body _____content

A

fat

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28
Q

compartment with 65 to 75% of the total body water

A

ICF

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29
Q

compartment with 25% of the total body water

A

ECF

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30
Q

ECF are found in 3 locations

A
  1. Intravascularly (plasma)
  2. Interstitially (including lymph)
  3. Transcellularly (CSF, Joint fluid, Intestinal contents)
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31
Q

ultrafiltrate of plasma and water and
electrolytes move freely within this compartment

A

Interstitial fluid

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32
Q

Intravascular fluid has almost the same composition as interstitial fluid
except?

A

its higher protein level

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33
Q

water taken into the body as liquids and contained in solid
foods

A

Preformed water

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34
Q

water derived from oxidation of foods to carbon dioxide and
water

A

water of oxidation

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35
Q

Water of oxidation produces how many ml of water from the metabolism of each 100 calories

A

12 ml

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36
Q

accounts for slightly more than half the total fluid output of the body

A

urine

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37
Q

ADH controls water loss through kidney in response to?

A

plasma osmotic pressure and by aldosterone

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38
Q

occurs when loss of body water exceeds intake

A

dehydration

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39
Q

Substances that become ionized when placed in water

A

electrolytes

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40
Q

unit of measurement for electrolytes

A

milli-equivalents per liter of fluid (mEq/L)

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41
Q

number of grams of solute contained in 1cc of a normal
solution

A

milliequivalent

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42
Q

most important route for sodium excretion

A

kidney

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43
Q

Renal reabsorption of sodium requires an equivalent passage of
________ in the opposite direction

A

hydrogen or potassium ions

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44
Q

In these species, sodium is reabsorbed in the lower intestinal tract

A

carnivores and most herbivores

45
Q

These herbivores with large quantities of fluid in the feces have considerable fecal loss of sodium

A

cow and the horse

46
Q

Hyponatremia may occur with ______ due to increased sodium excretion to prevent hyperosmolarity

A

hyperglycemia

47
Q

True or False. Aldosterone facilitates excretion of potassium.

A

True. Because it increases sodium reabsorption by promoting the exchange of sodium in tubular fluid for potassium in the tubular cell.

48
Q

In this condition, potassium moves into the cell in exchange for hydrogen ions
and may cause hypokalemia

A

alkalosis

49
Q

In which condition potassium moves out of the cell in exchange for hydrogen ions
and may cause hyperkalemia

A

acidosis

50
Q

In every 0.1 unit decrease in blood pH causes plasma potassium to increases about?

A

0.6 mEq/L

51
Q

Low concentrations of K+ in the ECF results to?

A

muscular weakness and ECG abnormalities

52
Q

High concentration of K+ in the ECF (10-12 mEq/L) result to?

A

severe myocardial disturbances and death due to cardiac arrest

53
Q

Chloride concentration is low in ____ and high in ______

A

ICF, ECF

54
Q

Unusual reduction in chloride concentration in the absence of comparable change in sodium, usually reflects?

A

sequestration of gastric juice in the stomach or vomiting

55
Q

mostly of endogenous origin in that it comes from the hydration of carbon dioxide to carbonic acid

A

Bicarbonate

56
Q

Bicarbonate is lost through secretions to?

A

digestive tract and in the urine

57
Q

distribution of fluid among the body fluid spaces is determined by

A

osmotic pressure

58
Q

determined by the total number of particles (electrolyte ions) dissolved in each of these fluids

A

osmotic pressure of ICF and ECF

59
Q

clinical unit of measurement for osmolality

A

milliosmoles (mOsm) per kilogram of water

60
Q

normal osmolality of plasma in domestic animals

A

300 mOsm/kg of
plasma water

61
Q

True or False. Normal hydration of the body depends only on the optimum water in the body.

A

False. It also significantly depends on optimum protein, sodium, and potassium in the appropriate fluid
compartments to hold the proper amount of water in each compartment.

62
Q

single most important buffer system in
the body fluids

A

bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system

63
Q

useful in understanding pH control of body fluids

A

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

64
Q

pH of plasma is dependent upon the ratio of?

A

HCO3- to H2CO3

65
Q

principal body compensatory action of respiratory alkalosis

A

renal

66
Q

bicarbonate ion increased due to loss of chloride ion or to excess
ingestion of bicarbonate

A

metabolic alkalosis

67
Q

ketone and/or excess chloride ions replace bicarbonate ions

A

metabolic acidosis

68
Q

carbonic acid deficit due to hyperactive breathing which results in an increased loss of carbon dioxide from the lungs

A

respiratory alkalosis

69
Q

carbonic acid excess due to hypoventilation

A

respiratory acidosis

70
Q
  1. What is the primary consequence of dehydration in farm animals?

a. Increased body fat content
b. Reduction in circulating blood volume
c. Increased water retention in cells
d. Decreased metabolic rate

A

B

71
Q
  1. What condition results from the rapid ingestion of large quantities of water?
    a. Dehydration
    b. Water intoxication
    c. Hyponatremia
    d. Hyperkalemia
A

B

72
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a cause of dehydration?
    a. Diarrhea
    b. Excessive blood loss
    c. Increased fluid intake
    d. Prolonged fever
A

C

73
Q
  1. What is the primary mechanism for the formation of carbonic acid in the body?
    A. Direct secretion from gastric glands
    B. Combination of carbon dioxide and water in erythrocytes
    C. Metabolism of amino acids in the liver
    D. Dehydration of bicarbonate ions in plasma
A

B

74
Q
  1. A patient with decreased ventilation and increased pCO2 is likely experiencing:
    A. Respiratory alkalosis
    B. Respiratory acidosis
    C. Metabolic alkalosis
    D. Metabolic acidosis
A

B

75
Q

Respiratory alkalosis clinical signs

A

a. Deep, rapid breathing
b. Tetany, progressing to convulsions

76
Q

Clinical signs of Respiratory acidosis

A

a. Respiratory embarrassment
b. Depression of central nervous system (disorientation, coma)

77
Q

metabolic acidosis clinical signs

A

a. Hyperpnea
b. Depression of central nervous system (disorientation, stupor, coma)

78
Q

Clinical signs of metabolic alkalosis

A

a. Depressed breathing - slow and shallow
b. Tetany, progressing to convulsions

79
Q

very helpful as an indicator of hemoconcentration

A

PCV / hemoglobin

80
Q

a useful double check for hemoconcentration

A

serum or plasma protein

81
Q

most often an indication of severe dehydration or shock

A

High BUN

82
Q

Clinical signs of acid-base abnormality

A

abnormal respiration

83
Q

Respiratory disorders can only be identified accurately by estimation of?

A

pCO2

84
Q

Metabolic disorders are reflected in the plasma _______ concentration

A

bicarbonate

85
Q

indicates the severity of the actual derangement in the body

A

blood pH

86
Q

a laboratory test aimed to measure the metabolic factor bicarbonate

A

CO2 or Total CO2

87
Q

Elevated potassium values are usually the result of severe ______ causing
intracellular K+ to more into the ECF

A

acidosis

88
Q

Enumerate the 9 battery of tests necessary to answer the four important questions regarding fluid balance in a clinical patient

A

PCV, Total Protein, BUN, Na+, K+, Cl+, pH, pCO2, HCO3-

89
Q

What are the 4 abbreviated battery of tests usually more practical?

A

Total Protein, Na+, K+, HCO3-

90
Q

1 gram of sodium bicarbonate provides ________ of bicarbonate

A

12 mEq

91
Q

1 gram of potassium chloride provides ______ of potassium

A

14 mEq

92
Q

Solution given to patient with severe metabolic acidosis without low sodium value

A

Isotonic sodium bicarbonate or
isotonic sodium lactate

93
Q

Correction of acidosis can be accomplished by the administration of very hypertonic solutions of ________ ?

A

sodium bicarbonate (5% NaHCO3 in saline)

94
Q

Correction of acidosis can be accomplished by the administration of very hypertonic solutions of sodium bicarbonate (5% NaHCO3 in saline) in relatively
small quantities of?

A

2-3 L/500 kg

95
Q

HCO3- deficit/L x _________ = mEq. needed

A

ECF (liters)

96
Q

HCO3- deficit/L = ______ - Patient HCO3-

A

Normal HCO3-

97
Q

_____ = Body weight (kg) x 0.3.

A

ECF

98
Q

In treating severe hypokalemia, supplementation of lactated Ringer’s solution with _____ of potassium chloride (1-3 grams/L) may be useful.

A

10 to 50 mEq/L

99
Q

average daily intake of _____ contains more potassium than 100 liters of lactated
Ringer’s solutions

A

hay

100
Q

measurement of the acidity of the blood, reflecting the number of hydrogen ions
present

A

pH

101
Q

reflects the amount of carbon dioxide gas dissolved in the blood

A

pCO2 (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide)

102
Q

primarily measures the effectiveness of the lungs in pulling oxygen into the blood
stream from the atmosphere

A

pO2

103
Q

Elevated CO2 levels are seen in?

A
  • Severe vomiting
  • Use of mercurial diuretics
  • COPD
  • Aldosteronism
104
Q

measures the percent of hemoglobin which is fully combined
with oxygen

A

Oxygen Saturation (SO2)

105
Q

acidosis due to decrease of HCO3- by being used to buffer H+ that is being produced excessively

A

Titrational acidosis

106
Q

acidosis due to HCO3- loss in the body such as extreme salivation or it is not being produced

A

secretory acidosis

107
Q

hallmark of acidoses

A

hyperchloremia

108
Q

this type of acidoses is due to excess of free H2O in the plasma that dilutes electrolytes proportionately

A

dilutional acidosis

109
Q

When an animal has concurrent alkalosis, hypochloremia, and hypovolemia, and kidneys produce acidic urine

A

Paradoxical aciduria

AA4 Clinical Vet Pathology (14 decks)

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