Module3_ClinPath Flashcards
WBC and RBC are theorized to arise from a common stem cell
pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
comprises the leukocytes carried in the circulation
circulating pool
comprises the leukocyte that are present at the periphery of blood vessels
marginal pool
leukocytes which are at the bone marrow awaiting differentiation and release
marrow pool
correspond to a general increase in the number of leukocytes in the circulation, irrespective of the leukocyte cell type involved
leukocytosis
the reverse or the general reduction in leukocyte numbers
leukopenia
Total Leukocytes of bovine
4 to 12
Total Leukocytes of ovine
4 to 12
normally progresses in the bone marrow in an orderly fashion from blast cell to mature granulocyte
granulopoiesis
Bone marrow compartments
- stem cell pool
- differential proliferating pool
- non proliferating or maturation pool
What produces the colony stimulating activity
monocyte-macrophages and activated T lymphocytes
function as phagocytes of small particles
neutrophils
not self-sustaining, made up myeloblast, pro granulocytes, and large and small myelocytes
differential proliferating pool
three Ds of neutropenia
Degeneration, depression, depletion
causes deficiency in bone marrow activity that results in an inability to mature neutrophils
degeneration
an increase in the number of immature neutrophils in the peripheral circulation
shift to the left
can maintain itself against continual removal of cells into the differential proliferation pool
stem cell pool
char. By an absolute increase in neutrophils accompanied by the appearance of immature neutrophils in the peripheral circulation
regenerative left shift
is one in which there is a normal, low, or falling total leukocyte count accompanied by a moderate to marked shift to the left
degenerative left shift
mobilized at sites of antigen antibody reactions in response to mediators released from basophils and mast cells
eosinophils
granules contain heparin, histamine and a platelet activating factor
basophils
found in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract linings, where they act as detoxifiers
eosinophils
Conditions causing lymphocytosis
- Physiologic leukocytosis
- Lymphocytic leukemia
- Recovery stage of infections
- Adrenocortical insufficiency
- Hyperthyroidism
develop in the bone marrow and migrate to tissues to become macrophage
monocytes
Necrosis of bone marrow result to
pancytopenia
refers to the general reduction in the amount of cells produced in the bone marrow that are in circulation
pancytopenia
abnormal proliferation of fibroblast in the marrow cavity
myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis often produces characteristic morphological alterations in peripheral blood and include poikilocytosis, with the presence of?
schizocytes, elliptocytes, dacryocytes
term used to describe the metastasis of neoplastic cells to the bone marrow
myelopthisis
refers to a peripheral disorder associated with faulty maturation, development, and cell division involving one or all of the marrow cell lines
myelodysplasia, dysmyelopoiesis
refers to the abnormal proliferation of marrow cell lines and may include myelodysplasia and neoplasia
myeloproliferative disorder
are usually characterized by the presence of leukemia
myeloproliferative disorder
presence in blood of
large number of neoplastic cells of myeloid origin
leukemia
valuable diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of diseases characterized by alterations in the peripheral blood
bone marrow examination
major site of blood formation
bone marrow
this is the best source of bone marrow samples for dogs and cats
humerus
site of collection for cattle, horses, sheep
sternum
the most preferred site for cats for bone marrow examination
femur
larger than normal rubricytes with
chromatin deficient nucleus
megaloblastic anemia
Denotes the inflammation of the lymph node
lymphadenitis
manifested by a slight to moderate increase in the number of band neutrophils
slight left shift
manifested by few metamyelocytes and many band cells
moderate left shift
characterized by an increasing number of metamyelocytes with occassional appearance of myelocytes, and promyelocytes
marked shift
an alteration as a result of the inability of bone marrow to produce mature cells in response to infection
degenerative left shift
neutrophilia with slight left shift and persistence of the eosinophils is suggestive of?
mild infection handled well by body defense mechanism
high total leukocyte count consisting mainly of neutrophils indicates
severe condition with good bone marrow response
neutrophilia with a coexistent lymphopenia and eosinopenia indicates
moderately severe to severe condition and stress
presence of toxic neutrophils indicates
severe condition
monocytes primary function
phagocytosis
canine wbc count
5.7 to 14.2
feline wbc count
5.1 to16.2
manifested by absolute number of immature neutrophils frequently exceeding the number of mature neutrophils
degenerative left shift
used where the increased production is at the expense of the other cell lines
myeloid metaplasia
refers to the general reduction in the amount of cells produced in the bone marrow that are in circulation
pancytopenia
drugs that can cause marrow aplasia
phenylbutazone and estrogenic drugs
Necrosis of bone marrow result to
pancytopenia
most prominent feature of myeloproliferative disorder
hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
abnormal proliferation of fibroblast in the marrow cavity
myelofibrosis
Upon laboratory tests, the specific findings include decreased M:E ratio, predominance of metarubricytes, punctate basophilia which indicates?
regenerative anemia
These findings larger than normal rubricytes with chromatin deficient nucleus; increase number of macrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils, are indicators of?
megaloblastic anemia
What are the specific findings of aplastic anemia?
relative lymphocytosis and decreased erythroid production hence, high M:E ratio
lymphadenitis is the inflammation of lymph nodes which is swelling caused by?
serous exudates, proliferation of lymphoid and reticular tissues
most common neoplasia of lymph nodes
lymphosarcoma
3 conditions that cause a reduction in the size of lymph nodes
senile atrophy, immunodeficiency, lymphoid exhaustion
constitute the single largest component of the reticuloendothelial system
spleen
both refer to a localized enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly, splenic mass
most causes of inflammatory and infectious splenomegaly
infection, granulomatous diseases
Common causes of suppurative splenitis
pyogenic bacteria
necrotizing splenitis common cause
gas-forming anaerobes, Salmonellosis and viral disease like canine hepatitis, and splenic infarction
enlargement of spleen due to systemic mycosis and mycobacterial infections
granulomatous splenitis
Hyperplastic splenomegally is enlargement of spleen due to hyperplasia of the reticuloendothelial and lymphoid components. This condition is also associated with which disorders
hemolysis including hemolytic anemia, and drug induced hemolysis
How much can spleen store blood?
10-20 % of total blood volume
these drugs increase blood pooling by relaxing the smooth muscle of the splenic capsule resulting to pooling of blood
Tranquilizers and anesthetics
Aside from drugs, what are other conditions causing congestive splenomegally?
- Portal hypertension resulting from right-sided congestive heart failure,
- obstruction of caudal vena cava by neoplasia or worms
enlargement is due to infiltration of the spleen with neoplastic cells, splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, and amyloid
Infiltrative splenomegaly
congenital and acquired defect of the diaphragm result to displacement of the spleen
dystopia
nodules or masses of splenic tissue seeded in the omentum which may be due to congenital defects or following trauma
accessory spleen
A change of spleen common in small animals and result from trauma
rupture of the spleen
hemosiderin and calcium pigments of the spleen are indicators of?
previous hemorrhage
a lobular composite organ of epithelial and lymphoid tissues, and reaches maximum development depending on
the species, at the time of birth or up to puberty
Thymus
agenesis or hypoplasia of thymus is part of?
congenital immunodeficiency disease
causes of thymus hemorrhage
agonal death, strychnine poisoning or from septicemia
Viral disease causing thymus inflammation
canine distemper, feline panleukopenia, and equine viral rhinopneumonitis
neoplasms derived from lymphocytes or plasma cells which usually form sarcomatous masses
lymphoproliferative neoplasia
3 types of lymphoproliferative neoplasia
- Lymphosarcoma
- Plasma cell myeloma
- Reticulum cell sarcoma
Mast cell leukemia usually originates from
other tissues
neoplastic proliferation of hematopoietic cells, characterized by appearance of immature cells in the peripheral blood
leukemia
type of leukemia with marked increase in TLC, w/ many abnormal and immature cells
leukemic
a leukemia with normal or slightly high TLC, w/ few abnormal cell types
subleukemic
a neoplasm of lymphocytes or their
precursors
lymphosarcoma
What are the other terms of lymphosarcoma?
lymphocytic leukemia, leukosis,
lymphocytoma, malignant lymphoma
Neoplasia which involves the peripheral lymph nodes, liver, spleen & other viscera
multicentric form
neoplasm form which originates in the gut & mesenteric lymph nodes
alimentary form
characterized by development of a large mass in the thymus and anterior mediastinal lymph nodes
thymic form
A neoplastic lymphocytes indicating large cells, basophilic cytoplasm, mildly aggregated nuclear remnants
prolymphocytic lymphosarcoma
