Module2_ClinPath Flashcards by Meryl Dapuran

total RBC transit time of cows

4 to 5 days

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What are the stimuli for erythrocyte production

anoxia or hypoxia, repeated bleedings, rbc destroying chemicals, hormones

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hormone released from the kidney which stimulates the bone marrow to undergo hematopoiesis

erythropoietin

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appear as though they have a hole punche through the periphery of the red cell and observed most often in the feline blood films, which may result for oxidative injury

blister cells

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have dark central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a pale one that in turns surrounded by a peripheral rim of hemoglobin

codocytes

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indicates variable red cell size

anisocytosis

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oval to cigar shaped cells

elliptocytes

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total RBC transit time of dogs

4 to 7 days

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identified when the red cells clump or cluster together in groups like a bunch of grapes

agglutination

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these family rbc are normally elliptical

camelidae

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oval to cigar shaped cells with projections of equal length that are evenly spaced on the surface of the red cell

echinoelliptocytes

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increased number of codocytes may indicate disease of which organ

hepatic disease

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result of erythrocyte dehydration or by expansion of the outer leaflet of the red cell membrane

Echinocytes

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are red cells with an angular shape or short, blunt projections

echinocytes I

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spherical red cells with sharp projections of equal length that are evenly spaced on th surface of the red cell

echinocytes III

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term for the mass of circulating erythrocytes plus the erythropoietic tissue of the bone marrow

Erythron

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these artifact may be due to poor blood film preparation or lipemia

dacryocytes

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increase of echinocytes III may indicate

renal disease or electrolyte disturbance

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echinoelliptocytes are rare in other species but may be seen in cats clinically diagnosed with this disease

hepatobiliary disease

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it indicates oxidative damage to the RBC membrane and may be accompanied by RBCs with Heinz bodies

eccentrocytes

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red cells that have been leached hemoglobin and are evidence of intravascular hemolysis

ghost cells

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smaller than normal cells

microcytes

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larger than normal cells

macrocytes

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increase of non artifactual dacryocytes may be seen with

myelofibrosis

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thin, macrocytic red cells with membrane surface area that exceeds hemoglobin content, which tends to wrinkle or fold forming twisted

leptocytes

crescent shaped cells

keratocytes

refers to red cell pallor due to inadequate synthesis of hemoglobin

hypochromasia

small, dark, round RBCs formed by the removal of altered cell membrane withoyt concurrent loss of hemoglobine

spherocytes

red cell fragments attributed to mechanical red injury or shearing

schizocytes

indicates an increase in red cell mass, and is more appropriately called erythrocytosis

polycythemia

This condition means an increase in PCV, TEC and Hgb concentration

polycythemia

a myeloproliferative disorder of unknown origin

primary or polycythemia vera

due to lowering of arterial oxygen saturation

secondary polycythemia

means a reduction in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both in the circulating blood

anemia

leads to hemolysis,hemoglobinuria and bone marrow hyperplasia, especially in sheep

copper

accelerates lytic action of lysolecithin in horse blood

phenothiazine

produces heinz bodies

methylene blue

induces heinz bodies

poisonous plants

diagnosed by means of Coombs test and demonstration of LE cells

AIHA

associated with nonregenerative anemia characterized by lack of reticulocyte response.

bone marrow depression

a proteolytic enzyme that is capable of digesting fibrin into soluble fragments

plasmin or fibrinolysin

Factor VIII deficiency, prolonged clotting time, deficient prothrombin consumption

hemophilia A

Facor IX deficiency, more severe in larger breeds of dogs

Hemophilia B

Factor XI deficiency reported in dogs and cattle with prolonged APTT

Hemophilia C

reduced Factor VIII level, reduced platelet adhesiveness, prolonged bleeding time

von willebrand disease or canine pseudohemophilia

factor X is reported in

cocker spaniel

lab findings are prolonged APTT, coagulation time and recalcification time.

Factor XII deficiency

characterized by prolonged OSPT, affected animals do not usually show serious bleeding tendencies, but bruise easily and are more predisposed to mange

Factor VII deficiency

Factor VII deficiency becomes more pronounced in the presence of an advanced

liver disease or Vit K deficiency

char. By severe bleeding tendencies and prolonged clotting tests as well as prolonged ESR

hypofibrinogenemia

Prothrombin deficiency is reported in

boxers, cocker spaniel

laboratory findings are abnormal whole blood and serum clotting times, RVVT, and clot retraction

thrombasthenia, thrombocytopathia

stack of red cells and maybe associated with hyperproteinemia

rouleaux

function as carrier of oxygen and carbon dioxide and is known as a respiratory pigment

hemoglobin

carrier of hemoglobin

RBC

variation in rbcs morphology

anisocytosis

major deviation from the normal shape of red blood cells

poikilocytosis

reticulocytes is best demonstrated by use of

supravital stain or new methylene blue stain

red cells with 3 to 12 spicules of uneven length and disorders in lipid metabolism

acanthocytes

occur in fibrotic states of the marrow, hemolytic anemia, and as a result of certain drugs

dacryocytes

develop from excess membrane, or a decrease in hemoglobin that result in a relative membrane increase

codocytes

also seen in circumstances in which membrane is increased following a decrease in hemoglobin.

leptocytes and microcytes

result from premature release of red cells usually in periods of erythropoietic stress like hemolytic anemia and hyperthyroidism

macrocytes

result from membrane damage and the usual mechanism involves trapping of red cells in the circulation by fibrin

schizocytes

They are common in vascular diseases, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

schizocytes

associated with hemoglobinopathies and iron deficiency anemia, obstructive liver disease and cirrhosis

codocytes

indicate red cells with increased central thickness and is recognized in peripheral blood smears by high staining of centers of cells with pale staining periphery

spherocytosis

Membrane depletion, accelerated red cell aging resulting from pathologic processes, and immunohemolytic anemia are the major causes

spherocytosis

indicates red cells with variable forms from spherical to almost rod-like in circulation

elliptocytosis

form of anemia seen in parasitism

microcytic hypochromic

form of anemia seen in gastric ulcers

microcytic hypochromic

form of anemia seen in lead poisoning

normochromic or hypochromic macrocytic or normocytic

serves as an index of blood condition of the animal

hemoglobin determination

If the hemoglobin [Hb] content falls below the normal levels, it indicates?

anemia, pregnancy

If hemoglobin value increases to the normal value, it indicates?

polycythemia, decrease in O2 supply, heart disease, emphysema

its objective is to enumerate the total count of RBC/cumm of a given blood sample

total count of rbc

what are the lab findings of an animal diagnosed with hemophilia A

prolonged clotting time, deficient prothrombin consumption

what will be the expected lab findings of a dog diagnosed with hemophilia C

prolonged APTT

which hereditary coagulation factor deficiency has reduced Factor VIII level, reduced platelet adhesiveness, prolonged bleeding time

Von Willebrands's disease or canine pseudohemophilia

2 forms of canine pseudohemphilia

1. autosomal incomplete dominant disease 2. autosomal recessive disease

what are the lab findings of a dog with Factor XII deficiency

prolonged APTT, coagulation time and recalcification time

Deficiency of these coagulating factors predisposes the animal to bleeding tendencies and mange

Factor VII deficiency

lab findings of an animal with hypofibrinogemia

prolonged clotting tests; prolonged ESR

What are the lab findings of a boxer diagnosed with prothrombin or factor II deficiency

prolonged prothrombin time and RVVT

What are the laboratory findings of a dog with thrombasthenia or thrombocytopathia

abnormal whole blood and serum clotting times, RVVT, and clot retraction

What are the other conditions which suggest severe hepatic disease?

1. thrombocytopenia 2. decreased prothrombin (PF II) activity.

A dog with decreased fibrinogen level indicates

advanced severe liver disease with poor prognosis

What are the factors produced in the liver?

I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Hgb definition

Hemoglobin concentration

this is the volume of rbc per liter of whole blood

Hematocrit

It indicates the average RBC size

Mean corpuscular volume

defined as the average amount of Hgb per RBC

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

It is the average concentration of Hgb per RBC

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

defined as the coefficient of variation of RBC size

Red cell distribution width

Diseases associated with NORMOCYTIC NORMOCHROMIC ANEMIA

1. Chronic inflammation 2. Nephritis with uremia 3. Endocrine deficiencies 4. Neoplasia 5. Marrow hypoplasia 6. Acute hemorrhage 7. Feline leukemia virus

Disease associated with MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC

1. Vitamin B6 deficiency 2. Copper deficiency 3. Molybdenum poisoning 4. chronic blood loss 5. lack of iron

These conditions are associated with MACROCYTIC NORMOCHROMIC ANEMA

1. Vit b12 deficiency 2. Folate deficiency 3. Cobalt deficiency 4. Erythremic meylosis

Etiology of relative polycythemia

1. decrease in plasma volume due to dehydration or shock 2. splenic contraction

cause of primary absolute polycythemia or polycythemia vera

myeloproliferative disorder

diagnosis of polycythemia vera requires demonstration of?

absolute increase in TEC with normal arterial blood oxygen

etiology of secondary absolute polycythemia

lowered arterial saturation