Module2_ClinPath Flashcards
total RBC transit time of cows
4 to 5 days
What are the stimuli for erythrocyte production
anoxia or hypoxia, repeated bleedings, rbc destroying chemicals, hormones
hormone released from the kidney which stimulates the bone marrow to undergo hematopoiesis
erythropoietin
appear as though they have a hole punche through the periphery of the red cell and observed most often in the feline blood films, which may result for oxidative injury
blister cells
have dark central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a pale one that in turns surrounded by a peripheral rim of hemoglobin
codocytes
indicates variable red cell size
anisocytosis
oval to cigar shaped cells
elliptocytes
total RBC transit time of dogs
4 to 7 days
identified when the red cells clump or cluster together in groups like a bunch of grapes
agglutination
these family rbc are normally elliptical
camelidae
oval to cigar shaped cells with projections of equal length that are evenly spaced on the surface of the red cell
echinoelliptocytes
increased number of codocytes may indicate disease of which organ
hepatic disease
result of erythrocyte dehydration or by expansion of the outer leaflet of the red cell membrane
Echinocytes
are red cells with an angular shape or short, blunt projections
echinocytes I
spherical red cells with sharp projections of equal length that are evenly spaced on th surface of the red cell
echinocytes III
term for the mass of circulating erythrocytes plus the erythropoietic tissue of the bone marrow
Erythron
these artifact may be due to poor blood film preparation or lipemia
dacryocytes
increase of echinocytes III may indicate
renal disease or electrolyte disturbance
echinoelliptocytes are rare in other species but may be seen in cats clinically diagnosed with this disease
hepatobiliary disease
it indicates oxidative damage to the RBC membrane and may be accompanied by RBCs with Heinz bodies
eccentrocytes
red cells that have been leached hemoglobin and are evidence of intravascular hemolysis
ghost cells
smaller than normal cells
microcytes
larger than normal cells
macrocytes
increase of non artifactual dacryocytes may be seen with
myelofibrosis
thin, macrocytic red cells with membrane surface area that exceeds hemoglobin content, which tends to wrinkle or fold forming twisted
leptocytes
crescent shaped cells
keratocytes
refers to red cell pallor due to inadequate synthesis of hemoglobin
hypochromasia
small, dark, round RBCs formed by the removal of altered cell membrane withoyt concurrent loss of hemoglobine
spherocytes
red cell fragments attributed to mechanical red injury or shearing
schizocytes
indicates an increase in red cell mass, and is more appropriately called erythrocytosis
polycythemia
This condition means an increase in PCV, TEC and Hgb concentration
polycythemia
a myeloproliferative disorder of unknown origin
primary or polycythemia vera
due to lowering of arterial oxygen saturation
secondary polycythemia
means a reduction in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or both in the circulating blood
anemia
leads to hemolysis,hemoglobinuria and bone marrow hyperplasia, especially in sheep
copper
accelerates lytic action of lysolecithin in horse blood
phenothiazine
produces heinz bodies
methylene blue
induces heinz bodies
poisonous plants
diagnosed by means of Coombs test and demonstration of LE cells
AIHA
associated with nonregenerative anemia characterized by lack of reticulocyte response.
bone marrow depression
a proteolytic enzyme that is capable of digesting fibrin into soluble fragments
plasmin or fibrinolysin
Factor VIII deficiency, prolonged clotting time, deficient prothrombin consumption
hemophilia A
Facor IX deficiency, more severe in larger breeds of dogs
Hemophilia B
Factor XI deficiency reported in dogs and cattle with prolonged APTT
Hemophilia C
reduced Factor VIII level, reduced platelet adhesiveness, prolonged bleeding time
von willebrand disease or canine pseudohemophilia
factor X is reported in
cocker spaniel
lab findings are prolonged APTT, coagulation time and recalcification time.
Factor XII deficiency
characterized by prolonged OSPT, affected animals do not usually show serious bleeding tendencies, but bruise easily and are more predisposed to mange
Factor VII deficiency
Factor VII deficiency becomes more pronounced in the presence of
an advanced
liver disease or Vit K deficiency
char. By severe bleeding tendencies and prolonged clotting tests as well as prolonged ESR
hypofibrinogenemia
Prothrombin deficiency is reported in
boxers, cocker spaniel
laboratory findings are abnormal whole blood and serum clotting times, RVVT, and clot retraction
thrombasthenia, thrombocytopathia
stack of red cells and maybe associated with hyperproteinemia
rouleaux
function as carrier of oxygen and carbon dioxide and is known as a respiratory pigment
hemoglobin
carrier of hemoglobin
RBC
variation in rbcs morphology
anisocytosis
major deviation from the normal shape of red blood cells
poikilocytosis
reticulocytes is best demonstrated by use of
supravital stain or new methylene blue stain
red cells with 3 to 12 spicules of uneven length and disorders in lipid metabolism
acanthocytes
occur in fibrotic states of the marrow, hemolytic anemia, and as a result of certain drugs
dacryocytes
develop from excess membrane, or a decrease in hemoglobin that result in a relative membrane increase
codocytes
also seen in circumstances in which membrane is increased following a decrease in hemoglobin.
leptocytes and microcytes
result from premature release of red cells usually in periods of erythropoietic stress like hemolytic anemia and hyperthyroidism
macrocytes
result from membrane damage and the usual mechanism involves trapping of red cells in the circulation by fibrin
schizocytes
They are common in vascular diseases, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
schizocytes
associated with hemoglobinopathies and iron deficiency anemia, obstructive liver disease and cirrhosis
codocytes
indicate red cells with increased central thickness and is recognized in peripheral blood smears by high staining of centers of cells with pale staining periphery
spherocytosis
Membrane depletion, accelerated red cell aging resulting from pathologic processes, and immunohemolytic anemia are the major causes
spherocytosis
indicates red cells with variable forms from spherical to almost rod-like in circulation
elliptocytosis
form of anemia seen in parasitism
microcytic hypochromic
form of anemia seen in gastric ulcers
microcytic hypochromic
form of anemia seen in lead poisoning
normochromic or hypochromic
macrocytic or normocytic
serves as an index of blood condition of the animal
hemoglobin determination
If the hemoglobin [Hb] content falls below the normal levels, it indicates?
anemia, pregnancy
If hemoglobin value increases to the normal value, it indicates?
polycythemia, decrease in O2 supply, heart disease, emphysema
its objective is to enumerate the
total count of RBC/cumm of a
given blood sample
total count of rbc
what are the lab findings of an animal diagnosed with hemophilia A
prolonged clotting time, deficient prothrombin consumption
what will be the expected lab findings of a dog diagnosed with hemophilia C
prolonged APTT
which hereditary coagulation factor deficiency has reduced Factor VIII level, reduced platelet adhesiveness, prolonged bleeding time
Von Willebrands’s disease or canine pseudohemophilia
2 forms of canine pseudohemphilia
- autosomal incomplete dominant disease
- autosomal recessive disease
what are the lab findings of a dog with Factor XII deficiency
prolonged APTT, coagulation time and recalcification time
Deficiency of these coagulating factors predisposes the animal to bleeding tendencies and mange
Factor VII deficiency
lab findings of an animal with hypofibrinogemia
prolonged clotting tests; prolonged ESR
What are the lab findings of a boxer diagnosed with prothrombin or factor II deficiency
prolonged prothrombin time
and RVVT
What are the laboratory findings of a dog with thrombasthenia or thrombocytopathia
abnormal whole blood and
serum clotting times, RVVT, and clot retraction
What are the other conditions which suggest severe hepatic disease?
- thrombocytopenia
- decreased prothrombin (PF II) activity.
A dog with decreased fibrinogen level indicates
advanced severe liver disease with poor prognosis
What are the factors produced in the liver?
I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII
Hgb definition
Hemoglobin concentration
this is the volume of rbc per liter of whole blood
Hematocrit
It indicates the average RBC size
Mean corpuscular volume
defined as the average amount of Hgb per RBC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
It is the average concentration of Hgb per RBC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
defined as the coefficient of variation of RBC size
Red cell distribution width
Diseases associated with NORMOCYTIC NORMOCHROMIC ANEMIA
- Chronic inflammation
- Nephritis with uremia
- Endocrine deficiencies
- Neoplasia
- Marrow hypoplasia
- Acute hemorrhage
- Feline leukemia virus
Disease associated with MICROCYTIC HYPOCHROMIC
- Vitamin B6 deficiency
- Copper deficiency
- Molybdenum poisoning
- chronic blood loss
- lack of iron
These conditions are associated with MACROCYTIC NORMOCHROMIC ANEMA
- Vit b12 deficiency
- Folate deficiency
- Cobalt deficiency
- Erythremic meylosis
Etiology of relative polycythemia
- decrease in plasma volume due to dehydration or shock
- splenic contraction
cause of primary absolute polycythemia or polycythemia vera
myeloproliferative disorder
diagnosis of polycythemia vera requires demonstration of?
absolute increase in TEC with normal arterial blood oxygen
etiology of secondary absolute polycythemia
lowered arterial saturation
