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AA4 Clinical Vet Pathology > Kidney Function Test > Flashcards

Kidney Function Test Flashcards

1
Q

chief organ regulating the internal environment of the body

A

kidneys

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2
Q

Components of renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus, urinary space, bowman’s capsule

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3
Q

identify the cells present in glomerulus

A

endothelial cells, epithelial cells, mesangial cells

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4
Q

These are phagocytic and phagocytose filtered particles from the urinary space

A

Mesangial cells

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5
Q

primary source of cytokines

A

mesangial cells

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6
Q

they can alter the shape and perfusion of the capillaries in the kidney

A

mesangial cells

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7
Q

a special feature of the luminal surface of proximal tubular epithelial cells which increases surface area and thus absorption

A

microvilli

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8
Q

Identify the hallmark of glomerular disease

A

proteinuria

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9
Q

severely disease glomeruli can lead to?

A

azotemia and tubular damage

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9
Q

S1 and S2 of proximal tubule is more susceptible to which type of injury?

A

toxic injury

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10
Q

S3 segment of PCT is susceptible to what type of injury

A

ischemic injury

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11
Q

Collecting ducts are permeable under what influence

A

ADH

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12
Q

Identify the first branch of the renal artery

A

Interlobar artery

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13
Q

runs along the cortico-medullary junction

A

arcuate arteries

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14
Q

What is the basic cause of protein loss through the glomerulus?

A

loss of negative charges in basement membrane, foot processes, endothelial cells

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15
Q

one of the relatively easy method for
urine sample collection

A

manual compression of the bladder

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16
Q

provides uncontaminated specimens

A

catheterization and cystocentesis

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17
Q

Urine must be preserved in what condition

A

refrigerated or preserved with2 ml. Toluene/100 ml. urine

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18
Q

Urine samples must be grossly characterized according to

A

a. color
b. transparency or turbidity
c. odor

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19
Q

yellow pigment in the urine

A

urochromes

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20
Q

Dark urine due to high concentration of urochromes occurs in association with?

A

dehydration, fever, hypotension, toxic nephrosis, reduced fluid intake

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21
Q

Yellow brown to greenish yellow urine may be due to the presence of?

A

bile pigments and bilirubin

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22
Q

these species urinate brown to black urine

A

horses

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23
Q

Why do horses normally have brown to black urine?

A
  1. high mucin contents
  2. calcium carbonate crystals
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24
Q

drug which may turn
urine to greenish color

A

acriflavine

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25
Q

suggestive of urinary tract infection

A

fetid or ammoniacal odor

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26
Q

Specific gravity can be determined by the use of which instruments

A

refractometer or urinometer

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27
Q

Normal range of specific gravity for all animal species

A

1.010 - 1.080

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28
Q

indicative of extensive renal tubular damage

A

Specific gravity of 1.010 + 0.002 (isosthenuria) with polyuria and polydipsia

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29
Q

Low specific gravity values will accompany?

A

excessive fluid intake and therapeutic fluid administration

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30
Q

Normal urine pH of dogs, cats and suckling calves

A

4.5 - 7.5

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31
Q

Normal urine pH of ruminants and other herbivores

A

7.0 - 8.0

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32
Q

How do you determine protein content in a urine?

A

Add 20% sulfosalicylic acid to 1-2 ml of clear urine

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33
Q

After adding sulfosalicylic acid to urine, formation of a milky precipitate is positive for?

A

proteinuria

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34
Q

produce false positive reaction for proteins

A

urine with high pH values

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35
Q

detectable by a purple color change
after 10 seconds of a reagent strip dipped in fresh well mixed urine

A

glucosuria

36
Q

A positive glucose test in a urine must be confirmed by?

A

blood glucose test

37
Q

sensitive test for bilirubinemia
using a commercial reagent tablet

38
Q

In Ictotest, a tablet is placed at the center of an absorbent ______ _______ mat moistened with 5 ml. urine.

A

asbestos - cellulose

39
Q

Which color change is a positive for conjugated bilirubin?

A

blue to purple color

40
Q

commercially available reagent tablet
is the most specific test for hematuria

41
Q

less expensive method of determining hematuria

A

microscopic examination with intact RBC

42
Q

Difference of hematuria from hemoglobinuria in gross examination?

A

blood produces red to opaque turbidity

43
Q

Difference of hemoglobinuria from hematuria in gross examination?

A

hemoglobin produces red to pink clear solution

44
Q

For ketone bodies test positive reaction is confirmed by what color change

A

pink to purple color

45
Q

Normal BUN values

A

10-30 mg/dL

46
Q

Clinical significance of hematuria

A

Trauma, infection, neoplasia,
glomerulonephritis

47
Q

CLinical significance of pyuria

A

Infection or inflammation

48
Q

clinical significance of increased epithelial cells

A

Renal tubular damage,
contamination

49
Q

Clinical significance of Granular casts, RBC casts in microscopic examination

A

Renal disease, glomerulonephritis

50
Q

Clinical significance of calcium oxalate,
struvite, uric acid

A

metabolic disorders, kidney stones

51
Q

Key findings of Glomerulonephritis

A

Hematuria, proteinuria, RBC casts

52
Q

Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis

A

Edema, hypertension, oliguria

53
Q

Key finding of AKI

A

oliguria, increased serum creatinine and BUN

54
Q

Symptoms of AKI

A

Fatigue, swelling, confusion, shortness of breath

55
Q

Symptoms of CKD

A

Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue

56
Q

Kidney stones symptoms

A

Severe, colicky flank pain, hematuria

57
Q

symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss

58
Q

symptoms of liver disease

A

Jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue

59
Q

Sample collection which is the standard method to avoid contamination

A

Midstream clean catch

60
Q

Used when clean-catch is not possible

A

Catheterization

61
Q

Aseptic needle aspiration from the bladder (common in veterinary practice)

A

Cystocentesis

62
Q

Urine results must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs and patient history.

A

Holistic approach

63
Q

A single abnormal finding should prompt further investigation

A

correlate findings

64
Q

Possible interpretation of ketonuria

A

Starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis

65
Q

Possible interpretation of glycosuria

A

Uncontrolled diabetes, stress, renal tubular disease

66
Q

Possible interpretation of hematuria

A

Trauma, infection, stones, malignancy

67
Q

Possible interpretations of proteinuria

A

Glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, CKD

68
Q

Possible interpretation of pH > 8.0

A

UTI, metabolic alkalosis, vegetarian diet

69
Q

Possible interpretation of <4.5

A

Metabolic or respiratory acidosis, high-protein diet

70
Q

presence of excessive urea or creatinine in the blood

71
Q

presence of urinary constituents in the blood and the toxic condition produced by those constituents

72
Q

Signs often seen in uremic dogs

A

gastro-intesttinal and neurologic

73
Q

form of azotemia caused by decreased blood flow to kidney

A

Pre-renal azotemia

74
Q

form of azotemia due to disease or lesions in kidney which interfere with renal function

A

Renal azotemia

75
Q

specific gravity pre-renal azotemia

76
Q

specific gravity renal azotemia

77
Q

azotemia caused by disease or lesions in the lower urinary tract that prevent excretion of urine

A

post-renal azotemia

78
Q

normal value of urine of dogs

A

12 - 30 ml/lb body wt/24hrs

79
Q

normal value of urine of cats

A

4.5 - 9 ml/lb body wt/24hrs

80
Q

normal value of urine of horses

A

2 - 8 ml/lb body wt/24hrs

81
Q

normal value of urine of swine

A

2 - 14 ml/lb body wt/24hrs

82
Q

normal value of urine of cattle

A

8 - 20 ml/lb body wt/24hrs

83
Q

normal value of urine of shoat

A

4.5 - 14 ml/lb body wt/24hrs

84
Q

dilute urine with low specific gravity and polyuria color of urine?

A

colorless to pale yellow

85
Q
A

dark yellow or yellow brown

86
Q

red to pink urine is interpreted as?

A

phenothiazine

AA4 Clinical Vet Pathology (14 decks)

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