Kidney Function Test Flashcards
chief organ regulating the internal environment of the body
kidneys
Components of renal corpuscle
glomerulus, urinary space, bowman’s capsule
identify the cells present in glomerulus
endothelial cells, epithelial cells, mesangial cells
These are phagocytic and phagocytose filtered particles from the urinary space
Mesangial cells
primary source of cytokines
mesangial cells
they can alter the shape and perfusion of the capillaries in the kidney
mesangial cells
a special feature of the luminal surface of proximal tubular epithelial cells which increases surface area and thus absorption
microvilli
Identify the hallmark of glomerular disease
proteinuria
severely disease glomeruli can lead to?
azotemia and tubular damage
S1 and S2 of proximal tubule is more susceptible to which type of injury?
toxic injury
S3 segment of PCT is susceptible to what type of injury
ischemic injury
Collecting ducts are permeable under what influence
ADH
Identify the first branch of the renal artery
Interlobar artery
runs along the cortico-medullary junction
arcuate arteries
What is the basic cause of protein loss through the glomerulus?
loss of negative charges in basement membrane, foot processes, endothelial cells
one of the relatively easy method for
urine sample collection
manual compression of the bladder
provides uncontaminated specimens
catheterization and cystocentesis
Urine must be preserved in what condition
refrigerated or preserved with2 ml. Toluene/100 ml. urine
Urine samples must be grossly characterized according to
a. color
b. transparency or turbidity
c. odor
yellow pigment in the urine
urochromes
Dark urine due to high concentration of urochromes occurs in association with?
dehydration, fever, hypotension, toxic nephrosis, reduced fluid intake
Yellow brown to greenish yellow urine may be due to the presence of?
bile pigments and bilirubin
these species urinate brown to black urine
horses
Why do horses normally have brown to black urine?
- high mucin contents
- calcium carbonate crystals
drug which may turn
urine to greenish color
acriflavine
suggestive of urinary tract infection
fetid or ammoniacal odor
Specific gravity can be determined by the use of which instruments
refractometer or urinometer
Normal range of specific gravity for all animal species
1.010 - 1.080
indicative of extensive renal tubular damage
Specific gravity of 1.010 + 0.002 (isosthenuria) with polyuria and polydipsia
Low specific gravity values will accompany?
excessive fluid intake and therapeutic fluid administration
Normal urine pH of dogs, cats and suckling calves
4.5 - 7.5
Normal urine pH of ruminants and other herbivores
7.0 - 8.0
How do you determine protein content in a urine?
Add 20% sulfosalicylic acid to 1-2 ml of clear urine
After adding sulfosalicylic acid to urine, formation of a milky precipitate is positive for?
proteinuria
produce false positive reaction for proteins
urine with high pH values
detectable by a purple color change
after 10 seconds of a reagent strip dipped in fresh well mixed urine
glucosuria
A positive glucose test in a urine must be confirmed by?
blood glucose test
sensitive test for bilirubinemia
using a commercial reagent tablet
ictotest
In Ictotest, a tablet is placed at the center of an absorbent ______ _______ mat moistened with 5 ml. urine.
asbestos - cellulose
Which color change is a positive for conjugated bilirubin?
blue to purple color
commercially available reagent tablet
is the most specific test for hematuria
occultest
less expensive method of determining hematuria
microscopic examination with intact RBC
Difference of hematuria from hemoglobinuria in gross examination?
blood produces red to opaque turbidity
Difference of hemoglobinuria from hematuria in gross examination?
hemoglobin produces red to pink clear solution
For ketone bodies test positive reaction is confirmed by what color change
pink to purple color
Normal BUN values
10-30 mg/dL
Clinical significance of hematuria
Trauma, infection, neoplasia,
glomerulonephritis
CLinical significance of pyuria
Infection or inflammation
clinical significance of increased epithelial cells
Renal tubular damage,
contamination
Clinical significance of Granular casts, RBC casts in microscopic examination
Renal disease, glomerulonephritis
Clinical significance of calcium oxalate,
struvite, uric acid
metabolic disorders, kidney stones
Key findings of Glomerulonephritis
Hematuria, proteinuria, RBC casts
Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis
Edema, hypertension, oliguria
Key finding of AKI
oliguria, increased serum creatinine and BUN
Symptoms of AKI
Fatigue, swelling, confusion, shortness of breath
Symptoms of CKD
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue
Kidney stones symptoms
Severe, colicky flank pain, hematuria
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
symptoms of liver disease
Jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue
Sample collection which is the standard method to avoid contamination
Midstream clean catch
Used when clean-catch is not possible
Catheterization
Aseptic needle aspiration from the bladder (common in veterinary practice)
Cystocentesis
Urine results must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs and patient history.
Holistic approach
A single abnormal finding should prompt further investigation
correlate findings
Possible interpretation of ketonuria
Starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis
Possible interpretation of glycosuria
Uncontrolled diabetes, stress, renal tubular disease
Possible interpretation of hematuria
Trauma, infection, stones, malignancy
Possible interpretations of proteinuria
Glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, CKD
Possible interpretation of pH > 8.0
UTI, metabolic alkalosis, vegetarian diet
Possible interpretation of <4.5
Metabolic or respiratory acidosis, high-protein diet
presence of excessive urea or creatinine in the blood
azotemia
presence of urinary constituents in the blood and the toxic condition produced by those constituents
uremia
Signs often seen in uremic dogs
gastro-intesttinal and neurologic
form of azotemia caused by decreased blood flow to kidney
Pre-renal azotemia
form of azotemia due to disease or lesions in kidney which interfere with renal function
Renal azotemia
specific gravity pre-renal azotemia
high
specific gravity renal azotemia
low
azotemia caused by disease or lesions in the lower urinary tract that prevent excretion of urine
post-renal azotemia
normal value of urine of dogs
12 - 30 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
normal value of urine of cats
4.5 - 9 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
normal value of urine of horses
2 - 8 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
normal value of urine of swine
2 - 14 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
normal value of urine of cattle
8 - 20 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
normal value of urine of shoat
4.5 - 14 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
dilute urine with low specific gravity and polyuria color of urine?
colorless to pale yellow
dark yellow or yellow brown
red to pink urine is interpreted as?
phenothiazine
