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AA4 Clinical Vet Pathology > Kidney Function Test > Flashcards

Kidney Function Test Flashcards

1
Q

chief organ regulating the internal environment of the body

A

kidneys

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2
Q

Components of renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus, urinary space, bowman’s capsule

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3
Q

identify the cells present in glomerulus

A

endothelial cells, epithelial cells, mesangial cells

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4
Q

These are phagocytic and phagocytose filtered particles from the urinary space

A

Mesangial cells

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5
Q

primary source of cytokines

A

mesangial cells

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6
Q

they can alter the shape and perfusion of the capillaries in the kidney

A

mesangial cells

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7
Q

a special feature of the luminal surface of proximal tubular epithelial cells which increases surface area and thus absorption

A

microvilli

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8
Q

Identify the hallmark of glomerular disease

A

proteinuria

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9
Q

severely disease glomeruli can lead to?

A

azotemia and tubular damage

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9
Q

S1 and S2 of proximal tubule is more susceptible to which type of injury?

A

toxic injury

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10
Q

S3 segment of PCT is susceptible to what type of injury

A

ischemic injury

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11
Q

Collecting ducts are permeable under what influence

A

ADH

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12
Q

Identify the first branch of the renal artery

A

Interlobar artery

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13
Q

runs along the cortico-medullary junction

A

arcuate arteries

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14
Q

What is the basic cause of protein loss through the glomerulus?

A

loss of negative charges in basement membrane, foot processes, endothelial cells

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15
Q

one of the relatively easy method for
urine sample collection

A

manual compression of the bladder

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16
Q

provides uncontaminated specimens

A

catheterization and cystocentesis

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17
Q

Urine must be preserved in what condition

A

refrigerated or preserved with2 ml. Toluene/100 ml. urine

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18
Q

Urine samples must be grossly characterized according to

A

a. color
b. transparency or turbidity
c. odor

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19
Q

yellow pigment in the urine

A

urochromes

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20
Q

Dark urine due to high concentration of urochromes occurs in association with?

A

dehydration, fever, hypotension, toxic nephrosis, reduced fluid intake

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21
Q

Yellow brown to greenish yellow urine may be due to the presence of?

A

bile pigments and bilirubin

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22
Q

these species urinate brown to black urine

A

horses

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23
Q

Why do horses normally have brown to black urine?

A
  1. high mucin contents
  2. calcium carbonate crystals
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24
drug which may turn urine to greenish color
acriflavine
25
suggestive of urinary tract infection
fetid or ammoniacal odor
26
Specific gravity can be determined by the use of which instruments
refractometer or urinometer
27
Normal range of specific gravity for all animal species
1.010 - 1.080
28
indicative of extensive renal tubular damage
Specific gravity of 1.010 + 0.002 (isosthenuria) with polyuria and polydipsia
29
Low specific gravity values will accompany?
excessive fluid intake and therapeutic fluid administration
30
Normal urine pH of dogs, cats and suckling calves
4.5 - 7.5
31
Normal urine pH of ruminants and other herbivores
7.0 - 8.0
32
How do you determine protein content in a urine?
Add 20% sulfosalicylic acid to 1-2 ml of clear urine
33
After adding sulfosalicylic acid to urine, formation of a milky precipitate is positive for?
proteinuria
34
produce false positive reaction for proteins
urine with high pH values
35
detectable by a purple color change after 10 seconds of a reagent strip dipped in fresh well mixed urine
glucosuria
36
A positive glucose test in a urine must be confirmed by?
blood glucose test
37
sensitive test for bilirubinemia using a commercial reagent tablet
ictotest
38
In Ictotest, a tablet is placed at the center of an absorbent ______ _______ mat moistened with 5 ml. urine.
asbestos - cellulose
39
Which color change is a positive for conjugated bilirubin?
blue to purple color
40
commercially available reagent tablet is the most specific test for hematuria
occultest
41
less expensive method of determining hematuria
microscopic examination with intact RBC
42
Difference of hematuria from hemoglobinuria in gross examination?
blood produces red to opaque turbidity
43
Difference of hemoglobinuria from hematuria in gross examination?
hemoglobin produces red to pink clear solution
44
For ketone bodies test positive reaction is confirmed by what color change
pink to purple color
45
Normal BUN values
10-30 mg/dL
46
Clinical significance of hematuria
Trauma, infection, neoplasia, glomerulonephritis
47
CLinical significance of pyuria
Infection or inflammation
48
clinical significance of increased epithelial cells
Renal tubular damage, contamination
49
Clinical significance of Granular casts, RBC casts in microscopic examination
Renal disease, glomerulonephritis
50
Clinical significance of calcium oxalate, struvite, uric acid
metabolic disorders, kidney stones
51
Key findings of Glomerulonephritis
Hematuria, proteinuria, RBC casts
52
Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis
Edema, hypertension, oliguria
53
Key finding of AKI
oliguria, increased serum creatinine and BUN
54
Symptoms of AKI
Fatigue, swelling, confusion, shortness of breath
55
Symptoms of CKD
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue
56
Kidney stones symptoms
Severe, colicky flank pain, hematuria
57
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss
58
symptoms of liver disease
Jaundice, abdominal pain, fatigue
59
Sample collection which is the standard method to avoid contamination
Midstream clean catch
60
Used when clean-catch is not possible
Catheterization
61
Aseptic needle aspiration from the bladder (common in veterinary practice)
Cystocentesis
62
Urine results must be interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs and patient history.
Holistic approach
63
A single abnormal finding should prompt further investigation
correlate findings
64
Possible interpretation of ketonuria
Starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis
65
Possible interpretation of glycosuria
Uncontrolled diabetes, stress, renal tubular disease
66
Possible interpretation of hematuria
Trauma, infection, stones, malignancy
67
Possible interpretations of proteinuria
Glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, CKD
68
Possible interpretation of pH > 8.0
UTI, metabolic alkalosis, vegetarian diet
69
Possible interpretation of <4.5
Metabolic or respiratory acidosis, high-protein diet
70
presence of excessive urea or creatinine in the blood
azotemia
71
presence of urinary constituents in the blood and the toxic condition produced by those constituents
uremia
72
Signs often seen in uremic dogs
gastro-intesttinal and neurologic
73
form of azotemia caused by decreased blood flow to kidney
Pre-renal azotemia
74
form of azotemia due to disease or lesions in kidney which interfere with renal function
Renal azotemia
75
specific gravity pre-renal azotemia
high
76
specific gravity renal azotemia
low
77
azotemia caused by disease or lesions in the lower urinary tract that prevent excretion of urine
post-renal azotemia
78
normal value of urine of dogs
12 - 30 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
79
normal value of urine of cats
4.5 - 9 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
80
normal value of urine of horses
2 - 8 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
81
normal value of urine of swine
2 - 14 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
82
normal value of urine of cattle
8 - 20 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
83
normal value of urine of shoat
4.5 - 14 ml/lb body wt/24hrs
84
dilute urine with low specific gravity and polyuria color of urine?
colorless to pale yellow
85
dark yellow or yellow brown
86
red to pink urine is interpreted as?
phenothiazine
87

AA4 Clinical Vet Pathology (14 decks)

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