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AA4 Clinical Vet Pathology > Avian Clinical Pathology & Veterinary Toxicology > Flashcards

Avian Clinical Pathology & Veterinary Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

PCV % of most birds

A

35-55% PCV

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2
Q

Leukocyte normal range of birds

A

3,000 to 11,000/ μgL of blood

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3
Q

the neutrophils of birds

A

HETEROPHILS

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4
Q

normal range of thrombocytes of birds

A

20,000 to 30,000/ μg/L of blood

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5
Q

Urea nitrogen is not a renal function for avian bec. birds are?

A

uricotelic

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6
Q

medical term for excreting nitrogen mostly in the form of uric acid

A

uricotelic

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7
Q

Not a major non-protein nitrogen component of avian blood

A

creatinine

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8
Q

primary end product of heme catabolism

A

biliverdin

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9
Q

veins of chicken suitable for placement of indwelling catheters

A

cutaneous thoracoabdominal vein

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10
Q

increasingly replacing endoscopy as a means of gender determination

A

chromosomal analysis

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11
Q

Chromosomal analysis typically performed using?

A

feather pulp

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12
Q

Sex determination with additional advantage of being suitable for very small birds using only small samples such as blood EDTA or cells derived from feather pulp

A

DNA analysis

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13
Q

Is it possible to accurately estimate the age of an adult bird with fully developed feather coat?

A

No.

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14
Q

it is the determination of gender in day old chicks

A

vent sexing

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15
Q

toxic agent is referred to as?

A

toxicant or poison

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16
Q

refers to a poison produced by a biologic source

A

toxin or biotoxin

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17
Q

generally considered a
toxic substance that is either the main product or a byproduct of human activity

A

toxicant

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18
Q

synonymous terms for the disease produced by a toxic agent

A

Toxicosis, poisoning, intoxication

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19
Q

amount of a toxic agent necessary to produce a detrimental effect

A

toxicity

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20
Q

toxicant concentration is expressed as?

A

parts per million, parts per billion

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21
Q

dose that is lethal to 50% of the subjects in a test sample

A

LD50

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22
Q

estimator of lethality and the most
common expression used to rate the potency of toxicants

A

LD50

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23
Q

Critical samples to be collected for toxicology laboratory tests

A
  • stomach contents
  • liver
  • kidney
  • whole blood
  • plasma/serum
  • urine
  • cerebral tissue for cholinesterase analysis
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24
Q

Freezing is critical to prevent the degradation of only a few analytes, such as?

A

a. cholinesterase
b. zinc phosphide
c. sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)

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25
Q

Lab test for cyanide poisoning

A

Copper-Guaiac Test

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26
Q

detecting the presence of cyanides in biological material during copper-guaiac test develops this color

A

blue

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27
Q

an initial indicator to detect the presence heavy metals and is often used by toxicologists where poisoning by such metals is suspected

A

Reinsch test

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28
Q

Reinsch test can be applied to which of collected samples?

A

urine, stomach contents

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29
Q

To perform reinsch test, what material is used as the base?

A

copper foil or wire

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30
Q

coat color of purple black after reinsch test has metal contaminant of?

A

antimony

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31
Q

coat color of silver after reinsch test has metal contaminant of?

A

mercury

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32
Q

coat color of arsenic after reinsch test has metal contaminant of?

A

dull black

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33
Q

coat color of shiny black after reinsch test has metal contaminant of?

A

bismuth

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34
Q

In reinsch test, if the solution contains these metals, a dark coat could also form on the copper.

A

selenium, tellurium

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35
Q

Laboratory test for detection of lead

A

Grunwald test

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36
Q

determination of lead in biological materials for Grunwald test is done by?

A

wet digestion

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37
Q

type of acid used in lead detection

A

nitric acid

38
Q

development of this color indicates presence of lead in grunwald test

A

yellow

39
Q

test used for the presence of lead in bodily samples

A

Rhodizonate test

40
Q

in rhodizonate test, lead positive yield this color

A

purple precipitate

41
Q

brown precipitate after rhodizonate test indicates the presence of?

A

barium

42
Q

Prescribed quantity of nitrites for meat products

A

150 mg/kg

43
Q

Prescribed quantity of nitrites for sterilized meat products

A

< 100 mg/kg

44
Q

solution used for quantofix nitrite test in meat

A

sodium acetate

45
Q

initial solution used for rhodizonate test to be mixed with sample

A

sodium tartrate buffer solution

46
Q

this solution is added which imparts yellow color on grunwald test due to formation of lead iodide

A

potassium iodide

47
Q

acid used for cyanide testing to acidify samples

A

tartaric acid

48
Q

Which color indicates the presence of nitrite ions during quantofix nitrite test?

A

red-violet

49
Q

Test for detection of chloride poisoning

A

Gettler test

50
Q

Lab test for phosphorus detection

A

Scherer test

51
Q

Phosphorus detection methods have been developed based on the
___ _____of materials

A

optical properties

52
Q

Detection principle of spectrophotometry for phosphorus detection

A

a. chemosensor
b. test strip
c. photoelectric colorimetry

53
Q

Strychnine poisoning can be fatal to humans and other animals
and can occur by?

A

inhalation, swallowing or absorption through eyes or mouth

54
Q

Strychnine oral LD50 in dogs, cattle, horses, and pigs

A

0.5–1 mg/kg

55
Q

Strychnine oral LD50 in cats

A

2 mg/kg

56
Q

highest concentrations of strychnine are found in which tissues?

A

blood, liver, kidneys

57
Q

key to confirming the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb)

58
Q

COHgb levels can be tested either in whole blood or?

A

pulse oximeter

59
Q

the ideal filter paper for Quantofix nitrite test in meat

A

Cam lab grade 111

60
Q

A dose of Fluoride which may be fatal in about three weeks

A

0.5 cgm/kgm of animal

61
Q

the consistent temperature which maybe suitable for mold growth in feedstuffs causing aflatoxicosis

A

> 70°F (>21°C)

62
Q

Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in young poultry

A

≤50

63
Q

Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in adult poultry

A

≤100

64
Q

Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in weaner pigs

A

≤50

65
Q

Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in finishing pigs

A

≤200

66
Q

Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in dogs

A

<50

67
Q

Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in calves

A

<100

68
Q

Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in cattle

A

<300

69
Q

feedstuffs that contain aflatoxins should not be fed to?

A

dairy cows

70
Q

Acceptable regulatory values of aflatoxin in milk may range from?

A

m 0.05 ppb to 0.5 ppb

71
Q

principal organ affected of aflatoxicosis

A

liver

72
Q

Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in molluscicides, which are used to control snails and slugs. It is primarily used in humid, coastal regions where these mollusks are more common. Which of the following medications is most appropriate for treatment of metaldehyde poisoning in dogs?

a) 4-methylpyrazole
b) Diazepam
c) Phenobarbital
d) Vitamin K1

A

b) Diazepam

Because an antidote is not available, aggressive symptomatic and supportive
treatments are necessary for dogs poisoned by metaldehyde. Diazepam can alleviate neurologic signs

73
Q

Cats are particularly sensitive to the effects of many insecticides. Which of the following insecticides is most appropriate for use in or around cats?

a) Benzene hexachloride
b) Carbophenothion
c) Imidacloprid
d) Permethrin

A

c) Imidacloprid

Imidacloprid (C) is a neonicotinoid insecticide that acts on acetylcholine receptors to inhibit cholinergic transmission in insects. It can be applied to cats and dogs to control fleas and lice.

74
Q

used to control parasites on sheep, but a single dose is lethal to cats

A

Carbophenothion

75
Q

is found in some brands of topical flea treatments for dogs, but it is highly toxic to cats

A

permethrin

76
Q

treatment of choice for ethylene glycol toxicities

A

4-methylpyrazole

77
Q

is the treatment for toxicities caused by anticoagulant rodenticides

A

Vitamin K1

78
Q

The acronym SLUD stands for salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation, which are the clinical signs associated with muscarinic cholinergic overstimulation caused by certain toxins. Signs of SLUD are most consistent with exposure to which of the following classes of chemicals?

a) Carbamates
b) Chlorinated hydrocarbons
c) Metaldehyde
d) Pyrethroids

A

a) Carbamates

79
Q

Many rodenticides have a delayed onset of clinical signs that are vague at first and may take days to appear. Which of the following rodenticides has a rapid onset and can lead to death within hours of ingestion?

a) cholecalciferol
b) strychnine
c) warfarin
d) zinc phosphide

A

B. Strychnine.

Strychnine is rapidly absorbed in the small intestines, and tetanic seizures soon follow.
Food in the stomach can slow this process somewhat

80
Q

causes electrolyte imbalances
that take some time for clinical signs to show but can lead to organ failure in later stages if not treated

A

Cholecalciferol toxicity

81
Q

leads to hemorrhage that may not be apparent until stores of coagulation factors are exhausted

A

Warfarin toxicity

82
Q

It is converted to phosgene gas in the acidic stomach environment. Food in the
stomach may accelerate the conversion because it stimulates gastric acid secretion, but the onset of signs is considerably slower than those associated with strychnine poisoning

A

Zinc phosphide

83
Q

A farm dog is brought to a veterinarian because of depression, limping, coughing, and pale mucous membranes. You suspect accidental poisoning. In speaking with the dog’s owner, he tells you he recently was trying to reduce the rodent population in his fields. Based on the clinical signs, what is the most likely rodenticide the dog has been exposed to?

a) Bromethalin
b) Strychnine
c) Warfarin
d) Zinc phosphide

A

C. Warfarin.

Warfarin is an anticoagulant that leads to hemorrhage, but the bleeding may not be external. Pale mucous membranes raise concern for hemorrhage

84
Q

converted to toxic phosgene gas in the stomach and often presents with vomiting

A

Zinc phosphide

85
Q

There are several types of rodenticides used as bait for targeted species. Unfortunately, they may be ingested by nontarget species such as pets, wildlife, or livestock and cause immediate or delayed illness or death. The most accurate way to identify the active ingredient of a rodenticide that caused a case of poisoning is by which of the following?

a) Brand and manufacturer
b) Clinical signs of affected animals
c) Color and shape of the bait
d) EPA registration number

A

d) EPA registration number

86
Q

Treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity aims to decrease absorption of ingested ethylene glycol, increase excretion of unmetabolized ethylene glycol, and correct metabolic acidosis that occurs with ethylene glycol metabolism. Which of the following is an appropriate part of a treatment regimen to address ethylene glycol toxicosis?

a) Give activated charcoal
b) Infuse intravenous fluids
c) Induce vomiting
d) Provide supplemental oxygen

A

B. Intravenous fluids are used to counteract the metabolic acidosis

87
Q

Clinical signs of ethylene glycol toxicity are dose- and time-dependent and are often multisystemic but nonspecific. Which of the following systems is NOT typically affected by ethylene glycol or its metabolites?

a) Central nervous system
b) Gastrointestinal system
c) Musculoskeletal system
d) Urinary system

A

c) Musculoskeletal system

88
Q

All animals are susceptible to poisoning by ethylene glycol, but due to its wide availability and common presence in homes, dogs and cats are most often accidently poisoned. Which of the following common household solvents is the source of ethylene glycol toxicity for companion animals?

a) antifreeze
b) household bleach
c) nail polish remover
d) paint thinner

A

a) antifreeze

89
Q

Ingestion of xylitol, a sugar substitute that can be found in gum, candy, baked goods, and liquid medications, can cause toxicity in dogs. Which of the following is most likely to occur in dogs after the consumption of xylitol?

a) Hypercalcemia
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Hypoglycemia

A

d) Hypoglycemia

90
Q

Although many species are susceptible to chocolate toxicosis, it is most common in dogs. Ingestion of chocolate can result in gastrointestinal upset at lower doses and cardiac arrhythmias, neurologic dysfunction, and death at higher doses. One of the toxic ingredients in chocolate is caffeine. Which of the following is the other toxic component of chocolate?

a) Bromethalin
b) N-propyl disulfide
c) Sugar
d) Theobromine

A

d) Theobromine

91
Q

Consumption of the fruit, seed, stem, or leaves of avocados can cause toxicity in animals. Ingestion of sufficient quantities of avocado fruit is most likely to cause myocardial necrosis in which of the following species?

a) Cats
b) Chickens
c) Cockatiels
d) Dogs

A

c) Cockatiels

AA4 Clinical Vet Pathology (14 decks)

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