Avian Clinical Pathology & Veterinary Toxicology Flashcards
PCV % of most birds
35-55% PCV
Leukocyte normal range of birds
3,000 to 11,000/ μgL of blood
the neutrophils of birds
HETEROPHILS
normal range of thrombocytes of birds
20,000 to 30,000/ μg/L of blood
Urea nitrogen is not a renal function for avian bec. birds are?
uricotelic
medical term for excreting nitrogen mostly in the form of uric acid
uricotelic
Not a major non-protein nitrogen component of avian blood
creatinine
primary end product of heme catabolism
biliverdin
veins of chicken suitable for placement of indwelling catheters
cutaneous thoracoabdominal vein
increasingly replacing endoscopy as a means of gender determination
chromosomal analysis
Chromosomal analysis typically performed using?
feather pulp
Sex determination with additional advantage of being suitable for very small birds using only small samples such as blood EDTA or cells derived from feather pulp
DNA analysis
Is it possible to accurately estimate the age of an adult bird with fully developed feather coat?
No.
it is the determination of gender in day old chicks
vent sexing
toxic agent is referred to as?
toxicant or poison
refers to a poison produced by a biologic source
toxin or biotoxin
generally considered a
toxic substance that is either the main product or a byproduct of human activity
toxicant
synonymous terms for the disease produced by a toxic agent
Toxicosis, poisoning, intoxication
amount of a toxic agent necessary to produce a detrimental effect
toxicity
toxicant concentration is expressed as?
parts per million, parts per billion
dose that is lethal to 50% of the subjects in a test sample
LD50
estimator of lethality and the most
common expression used to rate the potency of toxicants
LD50
Critical samples to be collected for toxicology laboratory tests
- stomach contents
- liver
- kidney
- whole blood
- plasma/serum
- urine
- cerebral tissue for cholinesterase analysis
Freezing is critical to prevent the degradation of only a few analytes, such as?
a. cholinesterase
b. zinc phosphide
c. sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080)
Lab test for cyanide poisoning
Copper-Guaiac Test
detecting the presence of cyanides in biological material during copper-guaiac test develops this color
blue
an initial indicator to detect the presence heavy metals and is often used by toxicologists where poisoning by such metals is suspected
Reinsch test
Reinsch test can be applied to which of collected samples?
urine, stomach contents
To perform reinsch test, what material is used as the base?
copper foil or wire
coat color of purple black after reinsch test has metal contaminant of?
antimony
coat color of silver after reinsch test has metal contaminant of?
mercury
coat color of arsenic after reinsch test has metal contaminant of?
dull black
coat color of shiny black after reinsch test has metal contaminant of?
bismuth
In reinsch test, if the solution contains these metals, a dark coat could also form on the copper.
selenium, tellurium
Laboratory test for detection of lead
Grunwald test
determination of lead in biological materials for Grunwald test is done by?
wet digestion
type of acid used in lead detection
nitric acid
development of this color indicates presence of lead in grunwald test
yellow
test used for the presence of lead in bodily samples
Rhodizonate test
in rhodizonate test, lead positive yield this color
purple precipitate
brown precipitate after rhodizonate test indicates the presence of?
barium
Prescribed quantity of nitrites for meat products
150 mg/kg
Prescribed quantity of nitrites for sterilized meat products
< 100 mg/kg
solution used for quantofix nitrite test in meat
sodium acetate
initial solution used for rhodizonate test to be mixed with sample
sodium tartrate buffer solution
this solution is added which imparts yellow color on grunwald test due to formation of lead iodide
potassium iodide
acid used for cyanide testing to acidify samples
tartaric acid
Which color indicates the presence of nitrite ions during quantofix nitrite test?
red-violet
Test for detection of chloride poisoning
Gettler test
Lab test for phosphorus detection
Scherer test
Phosphorus detection methods have been developed based on the
___ _____of materials
optical properties
Detection principle of spectrophotometry for phosphorus detection
a. chemosensor
b. test strip
c. photoelectric colorimetry
Strychnine poisoning can be fatal to humans and other animals
and can occur by?
inhalation, swallowing or absorption through eyes or mouth
Strychnine oral LD50 in dogs, cattle, horses, and pigs
0.5–1 mg/kg
Strychnine oral LD50 in cats
2 mg/kg
highest concentrations of strychnine are found in which tissues?
blood, liver, kidneys
key to confirming the diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning
carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb)
COHgb levels can be tested either in whole blood or?
pulse oximeter
the ideal filter paper for Quantofix nitrite test in meat
Cam lab grade 111
A dose of Fluoride which may be fatal in about three weeks
0.5 cgm/kgm of animal
the consistent temperature which maybe suitable for mold growth in feedstuffs causing aflatoxicosis
> 70°F (>21°C)
Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in young poultry
≤50
Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in adult poultry
≤100
Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in weaner pigs
≤50
Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in finishing pigs
≤200
Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in dogs
<50
Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in calves
<100
Dietary levels of aflatoxin (in ppb) generally tolerated in cattle
<300
feedstuffs that contain aflatoxins should not be fed to?
dairy cows
Acceptable regulatory values of aflatoxin in milk may range from?
m 0.05 ppb to 0.5 ppb
principal organ affected of aflatoxicosis
liver
Metaldehyde is the active ingredient in molluscicides, which are used to control snails and slugs. It is primarily used in humid, coastal regions where these mollusks are more common. Which of the following medications is most appropriate for treatment of metaldehyde poisoning in dogs?
a) 4-methylpyrazole
b) Diazepam
c) Phenobarbital
d) Vitamin K1
b) Diazepam
Because an antidote is not available, aggressive symptomatic and supportive
treatments are necessary for dogs poisoned by metaldehyde. Diazepam can alleviate neurologic signs
Cats are particularly sensitive to the effects of many insecticides. Which of the following insecticides is most appropriate for use in or around cats?
a) Benzene hexachloride
b) Carbophenothion
c) Imidacloprid
d) Permethrin
c) Imidacloprid
Imidacloprid (C) is a neonicotinoid insecticide that acts on acetylcholine receptors to inhibit cholinergic transmission in insects. It can be applied to cats and dogs to control fleas and lice.
used to control parasites on sheep, but a single dose is lethal to cats
Carbophenothion
is found in some brands of topical flea treatments for dogs, but it is highly toxic to cats
permethrin
treatment of choice for ethylene glycol toxicities
4-methylpyrazole
is the treatment for toxicities caused by anticoagulant rodenticides
Vitamin K1
The acronym SLUD stands for salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation, which are the clinical signs associated with muscarinic cholinergic overstimulation caused by certain toxins. Signs of SLUD are most consistent with exposure to which of the following classes of chemicals?
a) Carbamates
b) Chlorinated hydrocarbons
c) Metaldehyde
d) Pyrethroids
a) Carbamates
Many rodenticides have a delayed onset of clinical signs that are vague at first and may take days to appear. Which of the following rodenticides has a rapid onset and can lead to death within hours of ingestion?
a) cholecalciferol
b) strychnine
c) warfarin
d) zinc phosphide
B. Strychnine.
Strychnine is rapidly absorbed in the small intestines, and tetanic seizures soon follow.
Food in the stomach can slow this process somewhat
causes electrolyte imbalances
that take some time for clinical signs to show but can lead to organ failure in later stages if not treated
Cholecalciferol toxicity
leads to hemorrhage that may not be apparent until stores of coagulation factors are exhausted
Warfarin toxicity
It is converted to phosgene gas in the acidic stomach environment. Food in the
stomach may accelerate the conversion because it stimulates gastric acid secretion, but the onset of signs is considerably slower than those associated with strychnine poisoning
Zinc phosphide
A farm dog is brought to a veterinarian because of depression, limping, coughing, and pale mucous membranes. You suspect accidental poisoning. In speaking with the dog’s owner, he tells you he recently was trying to reduce the rodent population in his fields. Based on the clinical signs, what is the most likely rodenticide the dog has been exposed to?
a) Bromethalin
b) Strychnine
c) Warfarin
d) Zinc phosphide
C. Warfarin.
Warfarin is an anticoagulant that leads to hemorrhage, but the bleeding may not be external. Pale mucous membranes raise concern for hemorrhage
converted to toxic phosgene gas in the stomach and often presents with vomiting
Zinc phosphide
There are several types of rodenticides used as bait for targeted species. Unfortunately, they may be ingested by nontarget species such as pets, wildlife, or livestock and cause immediate or delayed illness or death. The most accurate way to identify the active ingredient of a rodenticide that caused a case of poisoning is by which of the following?
a) Brand and manufacturer
b) Clinical signs of affected animals
c) Color and shape of the bait
d) EPA registration number
d) EPA registration number
Treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity aims to decrease absorption of ingested ethylene glycol, increase excretion of unmetabolized ethylene glycol, and correct metabolic acidosis that occurs with ethylene glycol metabolism. Which of the following is an appropriate part of a treatment regimen to address ethylene glycol toxicosis?
a) Give activated charcoal
b) Infuse intravenous fluids
c) Induce vomiting
d) Provide supplemental oxygen
B. Intravenous fluids are used to counteract the metabolic acidosis
Clinical signs of ethylene glycol toxicity are dose- and time-dependent and are often multisystemic but nonspecific. Which of the following systems is NOT typically affected by ethylene glycol or its metabolites?
a) Central nervous system
b) Gastrointestinal system
c) Musculoskeletal system
d) Urinary system
c) Musculoskeletal system
All animals are susceptible to poisoning by ethylene glycol, but due to its wide availability and common presence in homes, dogs and cats are most often accidently poisoned. Which of the following common household solvents is the source of ethylene glycol toxicity for companion animals?
a) antifreeze
b) household bleach
c) nail polish remover
d) paint thinner
a) antifreeze
Ingestion of xylitol, a sugar substitute that can be found in gum, candy, baked goods, and liquid medications, can cause toxicity in dogs. Which of the following is most likely to occur in dogs after the consumption of xylitol?
a) Hypercalcemia
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Hypoglycemia
d) Hypoglycemia
Although many species are susceptible to chocolate toxicosis, it is most common in dogs. Ingestion of chocolate can result in gastrointestinal upset at lower doses and cardiac arrhythmias, neurologic dysfunction, and death at higher doses. One of the toxic ingredients in chocolate is caffeine. Which of the following is the other toxic component of chocolate?
a) Bromethalin
b) N-propyl disulfide
c) Sugar
d) Theobromine
d) Theobromine
Consumption of the fruit, seed, stem, or leaves of avocados can cause toxicity in animals. Ingestion of sufficient quantities of avocado fruit is most likely to cause myocardial necrosis in which of the following species?
a) Cats
b) Chickens
c) Cockatiels
d) Dogs
c) Cockatiels
