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Biochemistry > Water, Electrolytes And Acid Base > Flashcards

Water, Electrolytes And Acid Base Flashcards

1
Q

Norma osmolality of plasma

A

280-300 mOsm/kg

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2
Q

Factors stimulating aldosterone release and its effects

A

Decreased ECF volume

Retains Na

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3
Q

Factors stimulating ADH release and its effects

A

Increased osmolality

Reabsorption of water from renal tubules

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4
Q

Factors stimulating renin release and its effects

A

Decreased ECF volume
Decreased BP
Salt depletion
Prostaglandins

Thirst, water and salt reabsorption

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5
Q

Causes of dehydration

A 
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Excess sweating
Fluid loss in burns
Adrenocorticoid dysfunction
Kidney disease
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6
Q

Features of dehydration

A

ECF volume decreases
Electrolyte concentration increases
Water is drawn from ICF. Cells shrink
Electrolytes are lost

C/F
Pulse rate inc.
BP dec.
Sunken eyeballs
Lethargy, confusion
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7
Q

Treatment for dehydration

A

Intake of water orally/nasogastric tube/IV

If only decrease in Na - Normal saline
If decrease in both Na and H2O - dextrosesaline

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8
Q

Na RDA

A

5-10g/day

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9
Q

Normal ECF conc of Na

A

135-145mEq/L

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10
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A 
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Burns
Addison's
Nephrotic syndrome
ACE inhibitors
Lithium
Vasopressin
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11
Q

S/S of hyponatremia

A 
Cramps
Headache
Nausea
Lethargy
Tremors
Oliguria
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12
Q

SIADH

A 
Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH
Hyponatremia: Na - <135 mEq/L
Urine Na - >20mmol/L
Urine osmolality - >100mOsm/kg
Normal GFR
Normal serum creatinine and urea
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13
Q

Edema in congestive heart failure

A

Both Na and water are retained

  1. In early stages, hydrostatic pressure on venous side is increased
  2. Water is primarily retained
  3. Causes dilution of Na concentration triggering aldosterone secretion
  4. Sodium is also retained
  5. Vicious cycle broken by administration of aldosterone antagonists.
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14
Q

Hypernatremia causes

A 
Cushings
Pregnancy
Hyperaldosteronism
Excess intake of salts
Amplicillin, tetracyclin
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15
Q

S/S of hypernatremia

A

Dry mucous membranes
Fever
Thirst
Restlessness

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16
Q

Hypertonic hyponatremia

A
  • Due to other osmotically active particles in serum causing shift of water to ECF
  • for every 100mg/dl of glucose, serum Na drops by 1.6 mmol/L
  • above 400mg/dl, serum Na drops by 2.4 mmol/L for every 100mg
  • increased glucose leads to increased osmolality.
17
Q

Normotonic hyponatremia

A
  • severe hyperlipidemia and paraproteinemia lead to low measured serum sodium levels
  • pseudohyponatriemia
18
Q

Treatment of hyponatremia

A
  • Rapid correction in acute works but in chronic can lead to neurological problems
  • water restriction, increased salt intake, furosemide, anti- ADH drugs
19
Q

Potassium RDA

A

3-4g/day

20
Q

K normal plasma levels

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

In cells 160 mEq/L

20
Q

K normal plasma levels

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

In cells 160 mEq/L

21
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A 
Cushings
Hyperaldosteronism
Renal tubular acidosis
Alkalosis
Insulin therapy
Thiazides
22
Q

S/S of hypokalemia

A 
Below 3mmol/L
Muscle weakness
Cramps
Hypotension
Arrhythmias
T wave is inverted
23
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A 
Addison's
Renal failure
Necrosis
Pseudohyperkalemia
ACE inhibitors
Beta blockers
24
Q

S/S of hyperkalemia

A

Above 5.5 mmol/L
Flaccid paralysis
Bradycardia
Elevated T wave

25
Q

Normal plasma bicarbonate concentration

A

22-26 mmol/L

26
Q

pH of urine

A

6.0

27
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Increased pCO2 and H+

  • Severe asthma
  • pneumonia
  • COPD
28
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Decreased pCO2 and H+

  • High altitude
  • hyperventilation
  • septicemia
29
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A 
Excess production of ketone bodies
Excess excretion of bicarbonate 
-DM
-starvation
-renal failure
-lactic acidosis
-renal tubular acidosis
30
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Loss of H+

  • vomiting
  • cushings
31
Q

Anion gap

A

12-18 mEq/L

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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