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Biochemistry > Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

GLucose carrier protein in intestine and kidney

A

intestine - SGluT-1

kidney - SGluT-2

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2
Q

ORS

A
  • treatment for diarrhea
  • contains glucose and sodium
  • allows absorption of sodium to replenish body sodium chloride levels and glucose to provide energy.
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3
Q

GluT1

A
  • RBC, brain, kidney, colon, retina, placenta

- Glucose uptake in most of cells

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4
Q

GluT2

A
  • Serosal surface of intestinal cells, liver, beta cells of pancreas
  • Low affinity
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5
Q

GluT3

A
  • Neurons, brain

- High affinity

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6
Q

GluT4

A
  • Skeletal, heart muscle, adipose tissue

- Insulin-mediated

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7
Q

Glut5

A
  • Small intestine, testis, sperms, kidney

- Fructose transporter

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8
Q

GluT7

A
  • Liver endoplasmic reticulum

- Glucose from ER to cytoplasm

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9
Q

Glycolysis mnemonic

A

Goodness Gracious Friendly Fred Did Go By Picking Pumpkins to Prepare Pie

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10
Q

Enzymes of glycolysis mnemonic

A

High Profile People Act Too Glamorous Picture Posing Every Place

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11
Q

Significance of glycolysis

A
  • takes place in all cells
  • only source for erythrocytes
  • anaerobic glycolysis useful in times of stress
  • preliminary step to complete oxidation
  • provides C skeletons for non essential AA and glycerol
  • can be used for gluconeogenesis
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12
Q

Inhibitors of glycolysis

A

Arsenate, iodoacetate - inhibit G3PDH

Flouride - inhibits enolase by removing Mg+2 - used when collecting blood fro sugar estimation

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13
Q

Energy yield of glycolysis

A

Anaerobic - 2
Aerobic - 7
Complete oxidation of glucose - 32

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14
Q

Regulatory enzymes of glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase (-) by ATP and citrate (+) by AMP
Pyruvate Kinase

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15
Q

Pasteur effect

A

Under aerobic conditions, glycolysis is inhibited. This inhibitory effect of oxygen on glycolysis is known as Pasteur effect.

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16
Q

Warburg hypothesis

A
  • cancer cells utilize energy from glycolysis and they require less oxygen
  • growing tumor cells produce lactic acid which is taken to liver for gluconeogenesis - uses ATP - loss of weight (cancer cachexia)
  • inhibition of glycolysis depletes cancer cells of ATP leading to their death
  • works for colon cancers and lymphoma
  • useful in case of multi drug resistance
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17
Q

Significance of BPG

A
  • 2,3 BPG binds to Hb and reduces affinity to O2 - easy unloading
  • When pO2 is low, 2,3 BPG inc., favouring more unloading
  • no ATP generated
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18
Q

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

A 
(TLC? Fuck No)
TPP
Lipolic acid
CoA
FAD+
NAD+
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
- Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
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19
Q

Importance of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

A
  1. Completely irreversible
  2. Cannot synthesize glucose from fat
  3. 2.5 ATP
20
Q

Precursors of gluconeogenesis

A
  1. Pyruvate/Lactate
  2. Glucogenic AA (Cori’s, Cahill’s cycle)
  3. Glycerol
  4. Propionate
21
Q

Site of gluconeogenesis

A

Mainly liver, renal cortex

Partly cytoplasmic, partly mitochondrial

22
Q

AA for oxaloacetate

A
  • Aspartic acid

- Asparagine

23
Q

AA for Pyruvate

A
  • Alanine
  • Cysteine
  • Glycine
  • Tryptophan
  • Serine
24
Q

AA for alpha KGA

A
  • Arginine
  • Glutamine
  • Glutamate
  • Histidine
  • Proline
25
Q

AA for succinyl CoA

A
  • Valine
  • Isoleucine
  • Threonine
  • Methionine
26
Q

AA for fumarate

A
  • Tyrosine

- Phenylalanine

27
Q

Significance of gluconeogenesis

A
  1. Only by liver as G6Pase is only in liver
  2. Maintains blood sugar level during starvation
  3. Uses 6 ATP
28
Q

GLycerol to glucose

A

TAG-
Glycerol -
Glycerol 3 phosphate -
DHAP

29
Q

Propionate to glucose

A

Odd chain fatty acids -
Propionyl CoA -
Methylmalonyl CoA -
Succinyl CoA

30
Q

Regulation of gluconeogenesis

A 
Pyruvate carboxylase (+) Acetyl CoA
F 1,6 Bisphosphotase (+) Citrate (-) AMP
31
Q

Glycogenolysis enzymes Mnemonic

A 
Powerful Thor Gave Powerful Pennies Proudly
Phosphorylase
Transferase
Glucosidase
Phosphorylase
Phosphoglyceromutase
Phosphotase
32
Q

Energetics of glycogenolysis

A

3 ATP released for 1 glucose residue

33
Q

Glycogenesis enzymes mnemonic

A 
Grey Psychopaths Predated Sluts Tactfully
Glucokinase
Phosphoglyceromutase
UDP glucose Pyrophosphorylase
Synthase
Transglycosylase
34
Q

Regulation of glycogenesis

A
  1. Reciprocal regulation of syn. and degradation
  2. Covalent modification of glycogen phosphorylase(+ phosphorylation) and glycogen synthase (+ dephosphorylation)
  3. Act through cAMP
35
Q

Liver glycogen phosphorylase

A
  • active on phosphorylation

- inhibited by ATP and glucose-6-phosphate

36
Q

Types of glycogen storage diseases

A 
Viagra Pills Cause A Major Hardon, Ted
1- Von Gierke's
2- Pompe's
3- Cori's
4- Anderson's
5- McArdle's
6- Her's
7- Tarui
37
Q

HMP shunt intermediates mnemonic

A 
Graceful and Gorgeous Gabriel Refused Refined Xylophones So Gideon Enslaved Frozen geese Forcibly
Glucose 6 P
6 phosphoGulunolactone
6 phosphoGluconate
Ribulose 5 ph
Ribose 5 ph 
Xylulose 5 ph
Sedoheptulose 7 ph
Glyceraldehyde 3 ph
Erythrose 4 ph
Fructose 6 ph
Glyceraldehyde 3 ph
Fructose 6 ph
38
Q

Regulation of HMP shunt

A
  • mainly regulated by level of NADP+
  • G6PDH is rate limiting, inhibited by NADPH
  • non oxidative phase controlled by level of pentoses
    (+) Insulin
39
Q

Importance of HMP shunt

A
  1. To produce NADPH and pentose phosphates for
    i. Reductive biosynthesis- fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones
    ii. Free radical scavenging
    iii. Maintain RBC membrane integrity by keeping GSH in reduced state
    iv. Prevention of met-hemoglobin formation
    v. Detoxification by hydroxylation
    vi. Maintain the transparency of lens
    vii. Bactericidal activity of macrophages
  2. Ribose-5-phosphate is required for nucleic acid synthesis
40
Q

HMP shunt operates in

A
  1. Liver
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Adrenal cortex
  4. Mammary glands
  5. Testes and ovaries
  6. RBCs
  7. Lens of eye
41
Q

Free radical scavenging

A
  • free radicals damage DNA, protein etc
  • removed by enzyme systems containing superoxide dimutase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase
  • reduced glutathione generated with help of NADPH
42
Q

Functions of UDP glucuronic acid

A

It is active form of glucuronic acid

  • conjugation of bilirubin
  • conjugation of steroids
  • conjugation of drugs to make them water soluble and easily excretable
  • detoxification of environmental toxins and carcinogens
  • precursor for glycosaminoglycan synthesis
43
Q

Where is aldose reductase present and absent?

What does it do?

A

Absent - liver
Present -
Retina, Eye lens, Kidney, Placenta, Peripheral nerve cells
It converts glucose to sorbitol producing 1 NADP+

44
Q

Where is sorbitol dehydrogenase found? What does it do?

A

Seminal vesicles, ovaries, spleen

Converts sorbitol to fructose using 1 NAD+

45
Q

Why can and why cannot fructose be used to treat Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • More easily absorbed than glucose as it is not controlled by insulin
  • leads to inc. in fatty acid synthesis, raised serum triglycerides, high LDL
  • atherogenic
  • phosphorylation of fructose also uses ATP leading to low Pi
  • this removes inhibition on adenosine deaminase
  • more uric acid produced

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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