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Biochemistry > Environmental Toxins and Pollutants > Flashcards

Environmental Toxins and Pollutants Flashcards

1
Q

Lethal dose of cyanide

A

1mg/kg body wgt

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2
Q

Lethal dose of morphine

A

25mg/kg bw

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3
Q

Lethal dose of aspirine

A

500mg/kg bw

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4
Q

Lethal dose of ethyl alcohol

A

10g/kg bw

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5
Q

Effects of corrosives

A
  • remove water from tissues
  • coagulate cellular proteins
  • convert Hb to acid hematin
    cause circulatory collapse and spasm of glottis
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6
Q

H2SO4 in gastric fluid can be detected by

A

reacting with BaCl2 to form white ppt of BaSO4

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7
Q

NH3, KOH, NaOH in gastric fluid can be detected by

A

reacting with AgNO3 to form brown ppt of AgOH

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8
Q

Sources of cyanide poisoning

A
  • suicide attempts
  • exposure to prussic acid
  • ingestion of amygdalin in kernels of apricots, peaches
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9
Q

Effects of cyanide poisoning

A
  • chelates ferric ions of cytochrome oxidase

- causes tissue anoxia

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10
Q

Antidotes for cyanide poisoning

A
  • Dicobalt Edetate chelates cyanide
  • Na nitrate converts Hb to Met Hb which takes up CN
  • Na thiosulfate detoxifies CN to thiocyanate for excretion
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11
Q

Phosphorous toxicity

A
  • affects cellular oxidation
  • chewing fireworks or rat poison
  • symptoms similar to acute liver disease
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12
Q

Sources of lead poisoning

A
  1. Paint
  2. Lead pipes
  3. Newspapers
  4. Cigarettes
  5. Lead chromate adulterant in curcumin
  6. Batteries
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13
Q

Toxic limit of lead

A

10mg/dl in children

25mg/dl in adult

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14
Q

Symptoms of lead poisoning

A 
In fetuses
1. Miscarriage
2. Stillbirth
3. Premature birth
In developing brains
1. Neurological sequelae
2. Cerebral palsy
3. Optic atrophy
In children
1. MR
2. Learning disabilities
3. Behavioural problems
4. Hyperexcitability
5. Seizures
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15
Q

Symptoms of acute toxicity of lead

A

> 70mg/dl

  1. Encephalopathy
  2. Convulsions
  3. Mania
  4. Neuropathy
  5. Abdominal colic
  6. Anaemia
  7. DISCOLOURATION AND BLUE LINES ALONG GUMS
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16
Q

Physiological effects of lead poisoning

A
  1. Inhibits heme synthesis
    - Basophilic splitting of RBC
    - Agglutination of ribosomes
    - Inhibits ALA synthetase and dehydratase
17
Q

Antidote for lead poisoning

A

Dimercaptosuccinic acid
Dimercaprol
Pencillamine
Calcium dodecyl edetate

18
Q

Symptoms of elemental mercury poisoning

A

Acute - pulmonary edema, encephalopathy

Chronic - oral lesions, tremors, memory loss, insomnia

19
Q

Toxic limit of mercury poisoning

A

toxic - 2-5mg/dl

fatal - >15mg/dl

20
Q

Antidote for mercury poisoning

A

Dimercaprol derv.

D penicillamine

21
Q

Symptoms of severe cases of organic mercury poisoning

A
  1. Toxic encephalopathy
  2. Sensory neuropathy
  3. Intention tremor
  4. Hearing loss
  5. Spasticity
22
Q

Symptoms of methyl mercury exposure

A
  1. Dysarthria
  2. Ataxia
  3. Visual field constriction
23
Q

Intake limit for Al

A

100mg/day

24
Q

Effects of ALuminium toxicity

A
  • stimulates free radical production
  • prevents Ca, P, Fe absorption
  • Interferes with heme synthesis
  • Precipitates Alzheimers protein
  • Degeneration of dendrites
  • Parkinsons
25
Q

Symptoms of Al toxicity

A
  • osteomalacia

- microcytic hypochromic anaemia

26
Q

Effect of arsenic toxicity

A

Acts on sulfahydryl enzymes and interferes with cell metabolism

27
Q

Symptoms of arsenic toxicity

A
  1. Intravascular haemolysis
  2. Agranulocytosis
  3. Hepatitis
  4. Jaundice
  5. Encephalitis
28
Q

Effect of DDT

A

Depressed spermatogenesis and fertility

29
Q

Effect of organophosphorous compounds

A

prevents transmission of nerve impulses by inhibiting AChesterase

30
Q

Effect of polychlorobiphenyls

A
  • decrease fertility

- behavioural changes

31
Q

symptoms of methanol toxicity

A
  • optic neuritis

- blindness

32
Q

Treatment for methanol toxicity

A

large doses of ethanol given so that it is preferentially oxidised

33
Q

Lathyrism

A
  1. Scissor gait
  2. Ankle clonus
  3. Exaggerated knee jerk
  4. Spastic paralysis of lower limbs
    Toxin - Beta oxalyl amino alanine which inhibits lysyl oxidase to prevent cross linking in collagen
    Keshari Dal
34
Q

Argemone oil

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Diarrhoea
  3. Congestive cardiac failure
  4. Edema
    Toxin- Sanguinarine
    Mustard oil adulteration

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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