Immunochemistry Flashcards
Multiple myeloma
1 type of Ig produced in large quantities
- Paraproteinemia
- Lytic bone lesions
- Spontaneous fractures
- Inc. beta2 microglobulin
- Hypercalcemia, Hypercalcuria
- Anaemia
Bence Jones proteinuria
- Monoclonal light chains excreted in urine due to asynchronous production of H, L chains
- B-J proteins ppt b/w 45-60 C
- May block kidney tubules causing renal failure
- +ve Bradshaw test
Heavy chain disease
- incomplete synthesis of H chains
- gamma chain: hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
- alpha chain: abdominal lymphoma, malabsorption
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
- malignant proliferation of IgM
- mostly in males
- IgM form aggregates…inc. serum viscosity…recurrent bleeding
- +ve Sia’s test
Amyloidosis
- amyloid deposits in liver, kidney
- Congo red stains deposits
Type 1 hypersensitivity
- IgE
- pollen, dust
- Allergen cross links IgE on membranes of mast cells and causes degranulation
- Rhinitis, asthma
Type 2 hypersensitivity
- IgM or IgG
- Complement system or ADCC
ex: transfusions, Rh incompatibility
Type 3 hypersensitivity
- Ag-Ab complexes deposited in organs
ex: glomerulonephritis
Type 4 hypersensitivity
- CD4 T cell mediated
- produce cytokines
- delayed type hypersensitivity
Normal Th count vs HIV Th count
Normal - 400cumm
HIV - <300cumm
Real time PCR HIV particles count
<5000/mL - good prognosis
>100000/mL - very bad prognosis
RT inhibitors
Zidovudine Zidanosine Zalcitabine Stavudine Lamivudine Abacavir
Protease inhibitors
Saquinavir
Ritonavir
Indinavir
Nelfinavir
IgG
- gamma type L chains
- Secondary immune response
- crosses placenta
- Rh immunization
IgM
- Macroglobulins
- J chaped chain
- Agglutinates bacteria
- cannot cross vascular barriers
- Primary response
- Natural Ab
IgA
- Dimer
- Seromucous secretions
- stabilised by secretory piece
IgE
- allergy, hypersensitivity
- anchor on mast cells, basophils
- cause degranulation releasing histamine, SRS
- Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, hypotension
- Helminthic infections
Microphages examples
PMNL
Neutophils
Eosinophils
Macrophages examples
Reticuloendothelial cells
Monocytes
Features of adaptive immunity
- Specificity
- Diversity
- Memory
- Homeostasis
- Discrimination
Major activities of T lymphocytes
Cell mediated immunity
- Against infections
- Rejection of transplants
- Tumor cell destruction
- Helper function
- Suppressor function
- Production of cytokines, lymphokines
- Delayed type hypersensitivity
Antibodies destroy target cells by
- Complement system
- ADCC cytotoxicity
- Agglutination
- Opsonization
Antigen Presenting Cells
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- B cells
Order of activation of complement factors in classical complement pathway
C1 C4 C2 C3 - C3a C5 - C5a C6 + C7 C8 + C9
Order of activation of complement factors in alternate complement pathway
Properdin D B C3 - C3a C5 - C5a C6 + C7 C8 + C9
C1 esterase inhibits
C1s
Plasmin
Kallekrein
Hagemen factor
Interleukins
- lymphokines
- secreted by leukocytes
- they are growth factors targeted to cells of haemopoeitic origin
Interferons
- in response to pathogens or tumors
- allow communication b/w cells
1. Activate immune cells
2. Inc. recognition of Ap by inc. APC
3. Inc. ability of host to resist infection - Muscle pain, fever
IFNs for treatment
IFN b 1a, IFN b 1b - Multiple sclerosis
IFN a 2b - recurrent melanomas
IFN a - Hepatitis B, C
Cytokines act as:
- Messengers
- Soluble mediators
- Regulatory proteins
- Effectors
Types of cytokines
- Colony stimulating factors
- IFN
- ILs
- TNF
- Chemokines
