Water/Electrolytes Flashcards
exchange of water/electrolytes typically takes place via two barriers: transfer thru ____ and ____
cell membrane; capillary walls
____ play major role in water and electrolyte homeostasis
kidneys
the ____ separates plasma from interstitial fluid ; freely permeable to ___ and ____ but not proteins
capillary wall; water; electrolytes
most abundant cation in plasma
Na+ , about 140 mmol/L
most abundant plasma anions
Cl- ; about 100 mmol/L
HCO3- ; about 25 mmol/L
main cation in ICF
K+
water always diffuses from ____ osmolality to ____ to equalize osmotic pressures
lower; higher
____ is the most important abundant in ECF and thus is important in determining osmolality
Na
____ exerts osmotic pressure in plasma
albumin
the kidneys maintain ____, ____, and ____ of ECF and control acid-base balance
composition; osmolality; volume
____ activity is a few thousand times higher in the ____ to ensure reabsorption of Na
Na+/K+ ATPase ; kidney
excessive sweating leads to ____, a predominant loss of water which concentrates Na in the extracellular fluid/blood
hypernatremia
severe diarrhea would result in ____ and ____, leads to significant decrease in ____ but may not change ____
dehydration; hypokalemia; plasma [K]; plasma [Na]
normal phys. processes result in the generation of a variety of acids: ____, ____, and _____
carbonic acid; uric acid; lactic acid
carbonic acid is generated as ____ in tissue , dissolves in ___
CO2; H2O
blood and tissues contain ____ that minimize change in H ion concentration
buffer systems
the ____ control the exchange of CO2 and O2 with blood and external environment
lungs
____ transport gases between lungs and tissues
RBCs
____ control plasma bicarbonate synthesis and excretion of H+
kidneys
____ is a buffer in _____ fluid and is the most important buffer system in ____
bicarbonate; extracellular; saliva
intracellular buffers are primarily ____ and ____
proteins; phosphates
hydrogen ion from the plasma enters cells in exchange for ____
potassium
the bicarbonate buffer system is essential for maintaining ____ and regulating ____ waste
acid-base balance; CO2
bicarbonate buffer system allows for the maintenance of a relatively constant ____ and counteracts any force that would alter it
plasma pH
key equation describing the bicarbonate buffer system is the _____
henderson-hasselbach equation
bicarbonate buffer system minimizes changes in ___ and therefore stabilizes ____ when acid (H+) or alkali (OH-) is added to the blood
H+ ; pH
when alkali (OH-) is added, it reacts with ____ yielding ___ and ____, causing bicarbonate to increase slightly
carbonic acid; H2O; bicarbonate
both ___ (respiratory) and ____ (metabolic) contribute to maintenance of the blood pH
lungs; kidneys
