Water/Electrolytes

Question 1

exchange of water/electrolytes typically takes place via two barriers: transfer thru ____ and ____

Answer 1

cell membrane; capillary walls

Question 2

____ play major role in water and electrolyte homeostasis

Answer 2

kidneys

Question 3

the ____ separates plasma from interstitial fluid ; freely permeable to ___ and ____ but not proteins

Answer 3

capillary wall; water; electrolytes

Question 4

most abundant cation in plasma

Answer 4

Na+ , about 140 mmol/L

Question 5

most abundant plasma anions

Answer 5

Cl- ; about 100 mmol/L

HCO3- ; about 25 mmol/L

Question 6

main cation in ICF

Answer 6

K+

Question 7

water always diffuses from ____ osmolality to ____ to equalize osmotic pressures

Answer 7

lower; higher

Question 8

____ is the most important abundant in ECF and thus is important in determining osmolality

Answer 8

Na

Question 9

____ exerts osmotic pressure in plasma

Answer 9

albumin

Question 10

the kidneys maintain ____, ____, and ____ of ECF and control acid-base balance

Answer 10

composition; osmolality; volume

Question 11

____ activity is a few thousand times higher in the ____ to ensure reabsorption of Na

Answer 11

Na+/K+ ATPase ; kidney

Question 12

excessive sweating leads to ____, a predominant loss of water which concentrates Na in the extracellular fluid/blood

Answer 12

hypernatremia

Question 13

severe diarrhea would result in ____ and ____, leads to significant decrease in ____ but may not change ____

Answer 13

dehydration; hypokalemia; plasma [K]; plasma [Na]

Question 14

normal phys. processes result in the generation of a variety of acids: ____, ____, and _____

Answer 14

carbonic acid; uric acid; lactic acid

Question 15

carbonic acid is generated as ____ in tissue , dissolves in ___

Answer 15

CO2; H2O

Question 16

blood and tissues contain ____ that minimize change in H ion concentration

Answer 16

buffer systems

Question 17

the ____ control the exchange of CO2 and O2 with blood and external environment

Answer 17

lungs

Question 18

____ transport gases between lungs and tissues

Answer 18

RBCs

Question 19

____ control plasma bicarbonate synthesis and excretion of H+

Answer 19

kidneys

Question 20

____ is a buffer in _____ fluid and is the most important buffer system in ____

Answer 20

bicarbonate; extracellular; saliva

Question 21

intracellular buffers are primarily ____ and ____

Answer 21

proteins; phosphates

Question 22

hydrogen ion from the plasma enters cells in exchange for ____

Answer 22

potassium

Question 23

the bicarbonate buffer system is essential for maintaining ____ and regulating ____ waste

Answer 23

acid-base balance; CO2

Question 24

bicarbonate buffer system allows for the maintenance of a relatively constant ____ and counteracts any force that would alter it

Answer 24

plasma pH

Question 25

key equation describing the bicarbonate buffer system is the _____

Answer 25

henderson-hasselbach equation

Question 26

bicarbonate buffer system minimizes changes in ___ and therefore stabilizes ____ when acid (H+) or alkali (OH-) is added to the blood

Answer 26

H+ ; pH

Question 27

when alkali (OH-) is added, it reacts with ____ yielding ___ and ____, causing bicarbonate to increase slightly

Answer 27

carbonic acid; H2O; bicarbonate

Question 28

both ___ (respiratory) and ____ (metabolic) contribute to maintenance of the blood pH

Answer 28

lungs; kidneys