Glucose Metabolism Flashcards
amino acids are used as an energy source during ___ or ____; excess amino acids ingested are converted to ____ and stored
fasting; metabolic stress; carbs
plasma glucose concentration is the result of:
intake, production, and tissue utilization
insulin is secreted by ____; glucagon secreted by ____
beta cells; alpha cells (both are pancreatic cells)
insulin signaling cascades transfer the signal from the insulin molecule to target molecules such as ____ in key pathways or the membrane glucose transporter, ____
regulatory enzymes; GLUT-4
insulin promotes anabolism in ____, ____, and ____
liver; adipose tissue; muscle
glucose transport in muscle and adipose tissue is mediated by the ____ and is insulin dependent; glucose transporter in the liver is ____ and is insulin independent
GLUT-4 transporter; GLUT-2
in humans, insulin doubles recruitment of the ___ to ____
transporter; cell membrane
muscular contraction ____ the expression of GLUT-4 ____ of insulin
increases; independently
fatty acids ___ the expression of GLUT-4 in ____
decrease; muscle
main contributors to type II diabetes
inadequate synthesis of insulin, secretion, and most commonly unable to exert normal effect
glucagon (anti-insulin hormone) functions
- mobilized glucose
- increases blood glucose
- stimulates catabolism
- suppresses anabolism
glucagon action is confined to the ____
liver
epinephrine is a catecholamine that is secreted by the ____; it inhibits ____ and ____, but stimulates ____
adrenal gland; glycolysis; lipogenesis; gluconeogenesis
____ occurs while eating and for several hours afterward
high insulin/ low glucagon (fed state)
____ occurs when fasting between 6-12 hours (fasting state)
low insulin/high glucagon
