Quan Study Guide

Question 1

glycolysis starts from ____ and ends at ____

Answer 1

glucose; lactate

Question 2

glucose can be used to generate ____, ____, ____, ____, and _____

Answer 2

ATP; glycogen; ribose; lipid molecules; NADPH

Question 3

glycolysis has an ____ and ____ stage

Answer 3

investment; yield

Question 4

____ can be trapped in a cell in the form of ____

Answer 4

glucose; Glc-6-P

Question 5

the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis is ____

Answer 5

PFK-1

Question 6

____ and ____ catalyze the yield of ____ in glycolysis

Answer 6

PGK; pyruvate kinase; ATP

Question 7

Glycolysis uses ____ to generate ____; the net gain is ____

Answer 7

2 ATP; 4 ATP; 2 ATP

Question 8

Pyruvate can be transformed to ____ in order to regenerate ____

Answer 8

lactate; NAD+

Question 9

hexokinase can be inhibited by _____

Answer 9

Glc-6-P

Question 10

PFK-1 can be inhibited by ____, activated by ____

Answer 10

ATP; AMP

Question 11

pyruvate kinase can be activated by ____

Answer 11

fructose-1,6-BP

Question 12

_____ pathway is important for the generation of ____ and _____

Answer 12

pentose phosphate; NADPH; ribose

Question 13

formula of glycogen

Answer 13

C24 H42 O21

Question 14

_____ is used for the building block for glycogen

Answer 14

UDP-glucose

Question 15

_____ extends the chain of glycogen

Answer 15

glycogen synthase

Question 16

_____ initiates glycogen synthesis

Answer 16

glycogenin

Question 17

_____ catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen

Answer 17

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 18

inhibition of _____ can be used to treat diabetes

Answer 18

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 19

____ is an enzyme that stimulates _____

Answer 19

glucagon; glycogenolysis

Question 20

____ and _____ act to increase the activity of glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 20

epinephrine; glucagon

Question 21

_____ is almost the reverse of glycolysis

Answer 21

gluconeogenesis

Question 22

where does the TCA cycle occur?

Answer 22

in eukaryotic cells, the TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondria matrix

Question 23

two major functions of the TCA cycle

Answer 23

1. increase cell’s ATP-producing potential by generating reduced electron carriers NADH and ubiquinone
2. provide cell with a variety of metabolic precursors

Question 24

____ is the starting point of the TCA cycle- can be formed from many different molecules like ___, ____, ____ etc.

Answer 24

acetyl-CoA; sugars; fats; amino acids

Question 25

____ and ____ is used for oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 25

NADH; FADH2

Question 26

TCA gives ____ for citric acid cycle- which gives ____ that is converted to _____

Answer 26

citrate; malate; carbohydrate

Question 27

4 dehydrogenases in the TCA cycle

Answer 27

• isocitrate dehydrogenase
• alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
• succinate dehydrogenase
• malate dehydrogenase

Question 28

____ and _____ can both be derived from pyruvate

Answer 28

acetyl-CoA; oxaloacetate

Question 29

_____ catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA

Answer 29

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 30

the 4 oxidative enzymes in the TCA cycle are:

Answer 30

• isocitrate dehydrogenase (isocitrate DH)
• alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (AKG DH)
• succinate dehydrogenase
• malate dehydrogenase

Question 31

pyruvate dehydrogenase is negatively regulated by:

Answer 31

• ATP
• Acetyl-CoA
• NADH

Question 32

acceptor molecule in the TCA cycle

Answer 32

oxaloacetic acid (OAA)

Question 33

outputs from the cycle (besides CO2) which are energy metabolites:

Answer 33

• 3 NADHs
• 1 FADH2
• GTP

Question 34

isocitrate DH is also a ____ and has ____ as a cofactor

Answer 34

decarboxylase; manganese

Question 35

overall isocitrate rxn producing ____, ____, and _____ (a 5 carbon dicarboxylic acid), and it is nicely ____

Answer 35

CO2; NADH; alpha-keto-glutarate; exothermic

Question 36

____ is called “old yellow”

Answer 36

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 37

fumarase forms ____

Answer 37

malate

Question 38

malate dehydrogenase is _____

Answer 38

endothermic

Question 39

NADH is worth ____ ATP and FADH2 is worth ___ ATP

Answer 39

2.5; 1.5

Question 40

one molecule of glucose produces ____ ATPs

Answer 40

30-32