Quan Study Guide Flashcards
glycolysis starts from ____ and ends at ____
glucose; lactate
glucose can be used to generate ____, ____, ____, ____, and _____
ATP; glycogen; ribose; lipid molecules; NADPH
glycolysis has an ____ and ____ stage
investment; yield
____ can be trapped in a cell in the form of ____
glucose; Glc-6-P
the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis is ____
PFK-1
____ and ____ catalyze the yield of ____ in glycolysis
PGK; pyruvate kinase; ATP
Glycolysis uses ____ to generate ____; the net gain is ____
2 ATP; 4 ATP; 2 ATP
Pyruvate can be transformed to ____ in order to regenerate ____
lactate; NAD+
hexokinase can be inhibited by _____
Glc-6-P
PFK-1 can be inhibited by ____, activated by ____
ATP; AMP
pyruvate kinase can be activated by ____
fructose-1,6-BP
_____ pathway is important for the generation of ____ and _____
pentose phosphate; NADPH; ribose
formula of glycogen
C24 H42 O21
_____ is used for the building block for glycogen
UDP-glucose
_____ extends the chain of glycogen
glycogen synthase
_____ initiates glycogen synthesis
glycogenin
_____ catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen
glycogen phosphorylase
inhibition of _____ can be used to treat diabetes
glycogen phosphorylase
____ is an enzyme that stimulates _____
glucagon; glycogenolysis
____ and _____ act to increase the activity of glycogen phosphorylase
epinephrine; glucagon
_____ is almost the reverse of glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
where does the TCA cycle occur?
in eukaryotic cells, the TCA cycle occurs in the mitochondria matrix
two major functions of the TCA cycle
- increase cell’s ATP-producing potential by generating reduced electron carriers NADH and ubiquinone
- provide cell with a variety of metabolic precursors
____ is the starting point of the TCA cycle- can be formed from many different molecules like ___, ____, ____ etc.
acetyl-CoA; sugars; fats; amino acids
____ and ____ is used for oxidative phosphorylation
NADH; FADH2
TCA gives ____ for citric acid cycle- which gives ____ that is converted to _____
citrate; malate; carbohydrate
4 dehydrogenases in the TCA cycle
- isocitrate dehydrogenase
- alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- succinate dehydrogenase
- malate dehydrogenase
____ and _____ can both be derived from pyruvate
acetyl-CoA; oxaloacetate
_____ catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA
pyruvate dehydrogenase
the 4 oxidative enzymes in the TCA cycle are:
- isocitrate dehydrogenase (isocitrate DH)
- alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (AKG DH)
- succinate dehydrogenase
- malate dehydrogenase
pyruvate dehydrogenase is negatively regulated by:
- ATP
- Acetyl-CoA
- NADH
acceptor molecule in the TCA cycle
oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
outputs from the cycle (besides CO2) which are energy metabolites:
- 3 NADHs
- 1 FADH2
- GTP
isocitrate DH is also a ____ and has ____ as a cofactor
decarboxylase; manganese
overall isocitrate rxn producing ____, ____, and _____ (a 5 carbon dicarboxylic acid), and it is nicely ____
CO2; NADH; alpha-keto-glutarate; exothermic
____ is called “old yellow”
succinate dehydrogenase
fumarase forms ____
malate
malate dehydrogenase is _____
endothermic
NADH is worth ____ ATP and FADH2 is worth ___ ATP
2.5; 1.5
one molecule of glucose produces ____ ATPs
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