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Geography > Water Cycle Eq1 > Flashcards

Water Cycle Eq1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are stores

A

Places where water is held

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2
Q

What are flows

A

Processes that move water from one store to another

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3
Q

What are fluxes

A

We call a flow a flux if we know the quantity

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4
Q

Why is the earth considered a closed hydrological system

A

Negligible amounts of water enter or leave the atmosphere

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5
Q

What is the cryosphere

A

Ice caps, glaciers, permanent snow

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6
Q

What are the three biggest stores of water and their percentage of top one

A

Oceans - 96.5%
Glaciers and ice caps
Ground water

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7
Q

What is an aquifer

A

A large store of water held within the pore spaces of some rocks

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8
Q

What is stem flow

A

Rain that is intercepted but then flows down branches, trunks and stems to the ground

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9
Q

What is soil throughflow

A

Movement of water not due to gravity in the soil but due to differences in hydrostatic pressure

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10
Q

What is throughfall

A

Rain that falls through vegetation and reaches the ground

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11
Q

What is percolation

A

Downwards movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity

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12
Q

What is groundwater flow

A

Movement of water not due to gravity in within pore spaces in rocks

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13
Q

What is permafrost

A

When the ground stays frozen for at least two years in a row

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14
Q

What are residency times

A

The average amount of time a water molecule will stay in a store

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15
Q

What is biospheric water

A

Water held within living things

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16
Q

What stores have the longest and the shortest residency times

A

Longest - glaciers, ice caps, permafrost, groundwater
Shortest - biospheric water, atmospheric water, river channels

17
Q

What is a renewable water store

A

A water store that is being replenished at a rate that is greater than or equal to the rate it is being used

18
Q

Examples of non renewable water resources

A

Cryospheric stores
Fossil aquifers, as the store is sealed under the ground by a layer of clay meaning it cannot be replenished

19
Q

What is a drainage basin

A

The area of land that is draining water into one river system

20
Q

What is a watershed

A

The boundary between two drainage basins

21
Q

What is the largest drainage basin on earth

A

Amazon drainage basin

22
Q

What factors affect drainage basins

A

Climate
Soils
Relief
Vegetation
Geology
Humans

23
Q

What is orographic rainfall

A

Caused by the relief of the land forcing water vapour to rise and cool

24
Q

What is convectional rainfall

A

Caused by the heating of the earth’s surface leading to evaporation and precipitation

25
Q

What is frontal rainfall

A

Caused by warm air masses rising above denser colder air masses, causing the warm air to cool down and precipitate

26
Q

What can the amount of precipitation be influenced by

A

Rates of convection
Monsoon climate
Continentality (places closer to coasts will have more rainfall)
Mountains

27
Q

What is the intertropical convergence zone

A

Where trade winds meet
Usually wet environments

28
Q

What human factors influence the hydrological system

A

Dams
Over abstraction
Deforestation
Agriculture
Urbanisation
Climate change
Lakes and reservoirs

29
Q

Three impacts of deforestation on hydrological system

A

Not enough rainfall for the rainforest to be able to sustain itself as there is less interception and evapotranspiration
More droughts as humidity from rainforest would normally move to other countries
Soils become more compact so there is less infiltration

30
Q

What is a river regime

A

The difference in discharge of the river throughout the year, affected by a number of factors

31
Q

What is a simple river regime

A

Has a high flow season and a low flow season

32
Q

What is a complex river regime

A

Could have multiple high and low flow seasons throughout the year

33
Q

What is a flood hydrograph

A

Graph that shows how the discharge of a river responds after a rainfall event

34
Q

What is lag time

A

The time between peak rainfall and peak discharge

Geography (18 decks)

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