Tectonics Eq3 Flashcards
Has the number of tectonic hazards increased, remained steady or decreased
Overall remained steady, slight increase
Why has the number of tectonic disasters slightly increased
Greater urbanisation and population growth
Has the number of deaths caused by tectonic hazards increased, decreased or remained steady
Decreased
Why has the number of deaths caused by tectonic hazards decreased
Improved education, warning systems, building construction and planning
Has the economic cost of disasters increased, decreased or remained steady
Increased
Why has the economic cost of natural disasters increased
Increased wealth means there are more possessions and property to be damaged and more expensive infrastructure
Why can disaster statistics be unreliable
Deaths can go unrecorded in remote locations, political bias, mega disasters can skew trend
Name two mega disasters
Iceland eruption 2010, tohoku tsunami 2011
Name a multiple hazard zone
Phillipines
What are the hazards in the Philippines
Volcanoes (24 active)
Tsunamis
Tropical storms (between 5° and 20° north of equator)
Why are volcanoes more predictable than earthquakes
Signs that an eruption is about to occur: ground changes shape, gas eruptions occur, earthquake activity can be measured
How can earthquakes be predicted
They can’t be predicted accurately, can only make a probabilistic forecast
What are the four stages of the hazard management cycle and give an example of each
- Response - search and rescue
- Recovery - long term reconstruction
- Mitigation - building back better
- Preparedness - education
What does the park model look like
Quality of life on y axis, time on X axis, broken down into 4 parts: pre disaster, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction
What does the park model show
All countries after a disaster have a sudden decrease in quality of life and then a steady increase
Quality of life then either remains low, returns to normal or continues increasing past normal levels
What were the primary effects of the Christchurch earthquake 2011
185 deaths, 100,000 properties damaged
What were the secondary effects of the Christchurch earthquake
Schools closed for 2 weeks, businesses closed
What was the immediate response to the christchurch earthquake
Over $6 million international aid, residents supplied with chemical toilets
What was the long term response to the Christchurch earthquake
Water and sewage repaired, created earthquake proof structures, more green space in high risk areas
What happened to the quality of life after the Christchurch earthquake
It increased beyond what it was before the earthquake
What are four ways to modify the event
Earthquake resistant design, diversion of lava flows/lahars, engineering solutions (tsunami flood walls), landuse zoning (high risk areas are not built on)
What are three ways to modify the vulnerability and resilience
Hi-tech monitoring (prediction, forecasting and warnings), improvements in community preparedness, public awareness and education (e.g ‘great shake out’ California)
What are four ways to modify the loss
Emergency shelters and food supplies
Insurance and financial stability
Crisis mapping
Effective search and rescue operations
