Tectonics Eq2 Flashcards
2 Advantages of hazard profiles
- can compare similar hazards with different processes or human vulnerabilities to compare the effects
- can be used to plan for future events or disasters
3 disadvantages of hazard profiles
- other not included factors may have a greater influence on the impact
- human factors may be more important than physical
- subjective
Definition of a tectonic hazard
An event caused by the movement of tectonic plates which has the potential to threaten human life and property
Definition of disaster
The realisation of s hazard when it has a significant impact on a vulnerable population
Definition of threshold for resiliance
The point at which a community is able to respond and recover from a disaster
Definition of vulnerability
High risk combined with an inability of people and communities to cope
Eyjafjallajökull date
2010
Iceland volcano impacts
0 recorded deaths, flight delays across europe
Iceland volcano magnitude
VEI 4
Iceland vulnerability
Volcano was monitored, eruption was predicted, everyone was evacuated
Impacts of Indian ocean tsunami
250,000 deaths, outbreak of disease, coastal villages and towns destroyed
Impacts of Montserrat
- population has over halved since
- forest fires destroyed farms
- tourism industry collapsed due to closure of airport
Impacts of nevado del Ruiz eruption
Death toll 23,000, most of the nearby town was swept away or buried
Magnitude and significance of nevado del Ruiz eruption
VEI 4, largest lahar ever recorded
Magnitude of Montserrat
VEI 3
Was tohoku vulnerable
× everyone had alerts on their phones
✓ tsunami defences gave a false sense of safety - less evacuated
✓ damage to nuclear power station caused increased radiation levels
✓ vulnerable population - 56% of deaths were over age 65
What does MMS (moment magnitude scale) measure
Globally applicable logarithmic scale which measures the magnitude of an earthquake from 1 to 10
What does the modified mercalli scale measure
Measure of intensity of earthquakes, designed to describe the effects of an earthquake at a given place, measured in Roman numerals from 1 to 12
What does VEI measure
The magnitude of a volcanic eruption on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 8 based on the volume of material ejected, eruption cloud height and duration
What is a hazard profile
A diagram which shows the main characteristics of different types of hazards with 6 categories: speed of onset, magnitude, duration, aerial extent, spatial predictability and frequency
What is the purpose of the degg model
Shows how a disaster only occurs if there is interaction between the vulnerable population and hazard
What is the purpose of the pressure and release model
Demonstrates how disasters are shaped by structures and processes that are seemingly unrelated
What made areas vulnerable to the nevado del Ruiz eruption
Columbian government was warned to evacuate town as the lahar was predicted yet they chose not to
What made Montserrat vulnerable
The entire island is in a 15km radius of the volcano
What made Sichuan vulnerable + extra fact
Took place in afternoon, children were in schools which collapsed as buildings were not earthquake proof
- since this earthquake, all buildings are built to be earthquake proof
What made the Indian ocean affected areas vulnerable
- boxing day - many uneducated tourists
- lack of awareness and education
- no warning system (has been set up since)
What magnitude was the Indian ocean earthquake, and what height was the tsunami
Magnitude 9, height up to 30m
What was the magnitude of th Sichuan earthquake
7.9
What was the magnitude of the haiti earthquake
7
What were the impacts of the haiti earthquake (2 things)
Death toll of up to 300,000, mercalli scale 9
What were the impacts of the Sichuan earthquake (3 things)
-4.8 million left homeless - highest ever recorded
- cost $140 billion (2nd most expensive recorded)
- 87000 deaths
What were the impacts of the tohoku earthquake
- cost $235 billion - most expensive recorded
- 20,000 died
- tsunami formed which reached over 40metres tall
When was the haiti earthquake
2010
When was the Indian ocean tsunami
2004
When was the Montserrat eruption
1995 - 1997
When was the nevado del Ruiz eruption
1985
When was the Sichuan earthquake
2008
When was the tohoku earthquake
2011
Why was Haiti vulnerable to the earthquake (3 things)
- poorest country in western hemisphere
- corrupt government
- unplanned settlements
