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Water Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

cryosphere

A

water held in ice

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2
Q

biosphere

A

global ecological system with all living beings

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3
Q

blue water

A

water stored in lakes, streams and groundwater

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4
Q

green water

A

water stored in soil and vegitiation

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5
Q

precipitation

A

movement of water in any form

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6
Q

evaporation

A

change of state of water from liquid and gas

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7
Q

transpiration

A

diffusion of water from vegetation to the atmosphere

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8
Q

evapotranspiration

A

combination of evaporation and transpiration

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9
Q

fossil water

A

ancient deep ground water from fluvial periods

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10
Q

store

A

reservoirs where water is held such as oceans

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11
Q

flow

A

movement of water as one part of the system

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12
Q

input

A

when water enters a source again

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13
Q

output

A

movement of water out of a source

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14
Q

flux

A

movement of the rate of flow between stores

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15
Q

what is an example of solar energy?

A

evaporation and transportation

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16
Q

what is an example of gravitational potential energy?

A

transformed to kinetic energy

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17
Q

what is the most important flux?

A

evaporation from oceans

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18
Q

what is evaportation?

A

water from the ground to the atmosphere

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19
Q

what is the flux of evaporation? number

A

436.5 km3/year

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20
Q

what is the flux of precipitation?

A

water from the atmosphere to the ground like rain, snow and hail

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21
Q

what is the flux of precipitation? number

A

391 km3/year

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22
Q

what is the flux of groundwater runoff?

A

throughflow like soil and bedrock

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23
Q

what is the flux of groundwater runoff? number

A

45 km3/year

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24
Q

what is the flux of transpiration?

A

vegetation to atmosphere to the biosphere

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25
Q

what is the flux of transpiration? number

A

68.7 km3/year

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26
Q

what are the 6 steps for convectional rainfall?

A

1 - sun warms earth’s surface
2 - surface warms overlying air
3 - warm air becomes less dense and rises
4 - rising air cools and decreased ability to hold moisutre
5 - cools and reaches saturation and dew point and forms around condensation nuclei
6 - clouds form and it rains and repeats

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27
Q

what are the 4 steps of orographic rainfall?

A

1 - solar energy heats up the earth’s surface
2 - air rises and reaches condensation and nuclei and forms around condensation nuclei
3 - rains on the stoff side of the mountian
4 - dry decending air fall of lee side of the mountains

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28
Q

what are the 4 steps of frontal rainfall?

A

1 - solar energy heats up surface layer
2 - cool air block causes warm air to rise
3 - air reaches saturation and dew point and forms around condensation nuclei
4 - air condensed into clouds and process repeats

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29
Q

what is an example of convectional rainfall?

A

amazon

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30
Q

what is an example of orographic rainfall?

A

Himalyays

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31
Q

what is an example of frontal rainfall?

A

UK

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32
Q

what is a meterlogical drought?

A

deficit in precipitation

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33
Q

what is a agricultral drought?

A

deficit in soil moisutre

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34
Q

what is a hydrological drought?

A

deficit in all stores

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35
Q

what is a famine drought?

A

widespread crop failure

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36
Q

El Nino year causing drought in Australia

A
  • Westward trade winds reverse so cold water off coast of Peru replaced by warm water and warm water off coast of Australia replaced by cold water
  • Rising ocean temps. creates convectional rainfall on coast of Peru, creating wetter conditions
  • Dry air returns to Australia so less precipitation which leads to meteorological drought
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37
Q

La Niña

A

unusually cold sea surface
temperatures found in the eastern
tropical Pacific. A La Niña episode
may follow an El Niño.

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38
Q

what is a river regime?

A

measure of annual variationa in river with discharge measured in cumecs

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39
Q

where is the Yukon river located?

A

Canada

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40
Q

what influences the Yukon river regime in Canada?

A
  • precipitation falls as snow
  • locked in cryopshere and melts in June
  • increases river discharge and into winter it freezes again
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41
Q

where is the Indus river located?

A

Himalayas

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42
Q

what influences the Indus river regime in the Himalayas?

A
  • snow melt hits peak discharge in May
  • June 4 month monsoon season with North shift of ITCZ
  • august dry season starts
  • global warming = less snow melt due to increased evaporation
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43
Q

what influences river regimes in the Amazon river?

A
  • large convectional rainfall
  • june peak discharge is created and takes 4 months for the tributries to catch up with the river
  • winter = decreased rainfall
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44
Q

how long are the tributaries in the Amazon river?

A

2,900,000 sq meters

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45
Q

how can overlying soil influence river regimes?

A

influences time for inputs to reach the river

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46
Q

how can sandy soil influence river regimes?

A

allows infiltration to occur as it is more permeable

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47
Q

what are the 2 types of storm hydrographs?

A

flashy
delayed

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48
Q

what are 4 features of a FLASHY storm hydrography?

A

1 - steeper rising limb
2 - higher peak discharge
3 - gradual falling limb
4 - shorter time to exceed bank full discharge

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49
Q

what are 4 features of a DELAYED storm hydrograph?

A

1 - slower rising limb
2 - lower peak discharge
3 - steeper falling limb
4 -longer time to exceed bank full discharge

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50
Q

what are the 7 physical factors influencing storm hydrographs?

A

1 - climate
2 - relief and gradient
3 - overlying soils and geology
4 - vegetation
5 - size
6 - shape
7 - density

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51
Q

how does climate affect storm hydrographs? 5 rain

A
  • intense rainfall over extended period of time
  • soils become saturated
  • less infiltration and percolation
  • less throughflow and ground water flow
  • increased water travelling by overland flow -> flood
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52
Q

how does relief and gradient affect storm hydrographs? 3

A
  • steep gradient and relief = increased gravitational potential energy
  • increase in overland flow
    -> flood
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53
Q

how does overlying soils and geology affect storm hydrographs? 4

A
  • if overlying soils is impermeable will decrease infiltration and overland flow
  • if geology consists on non-pourus rock water cannot percolate
  • increased saturation in the soil layer
  • decreased infiltration -> flood
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54
Q

how does vegetation affect storm hydrographs? 4

A
  • if there was a decrease in veg density there would be a decrease in interception
  • decreased evapotranspiration
  • increased like hood of ground being saturated and overland flow occurring
  • increase the amount of water hitting the ground directly so increased soil compaction so increased overland flow
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55
Q

how does size affect storm hydrographs? 2

A
  • smaller drainage basins produce more FLASHY hydrographs
  • water has a shorter distance to travel to the channel flow so there would be a steeper rising limb and lag time
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56
Q

how does density affect storm hydrographs? 2

A
  • is there are more tributaries it is more likely to be a FLASHY hydrograph as the flow is faster and it is more likely to make the water arrive at similar times
  • increase flood etc
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57
Q

how can deforestation affect storm hydrographs? 4 - increase flood risk

A
  • leads to decreased interception and evapotranspiration
  • 25% of water returned to atmosphere in a healthy forest
  • increase water on soil
  • soils become saturated -> increased overland flow -> flood
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58
Q

how can deforestation in relation to decreased stem flow and throughfall affect storm hydrographs? 3 - increase flood risk

A
  • less of a delay in water hitting the ground
  • infiltration rates are less likely to cope with levels of water
  • increased saturated overland flow -> flood
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59
Q

how can an increase in soil compaction from deforestation affect storm hydrographs? 5 - increase flood risk

A
  • more water hitting the ground directly
  • amazon had had 17% of it deforested
  • convectional rainfall causes soil compaction
  • less infiltration so increased OVERLAND FLOW -> flood
    overtime the soil has less nutrients and so decreased ability to grow back
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60
Q

how can urbanisation affect storm hydrographs? - increase flood risk

A
  • leads to an increase in areas with paved impermeable surfaces
  • infiltration is not happening meaning an increase in overland flow
  • paved areas provide low friction routes to drains to the river channel
  • increase the levels of water hitting the ground at the same time
  • increase overland flow -> flood
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61
Q

how can man made structures at the river increase flood risk?

A
  • increased rainfall so increased debris in the water
  • urbanised areas have river management strategies
  • to increase channel flow to keep up with drainage
  • eg levees have raised banks to increase the amount that the river can hold
  • if flood waters rise -> water stays in place longer as debris is trapped in the river
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62
Q

what is a water budget?

A

balance between inputs and outputs

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63
Q

what is a surplus?

A

saturated soils

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64
Q

what is a defecit?

A

vegetation depleting the soil store

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65
Q

what is a recharge?

A

it follows a deficit and is where infiltration occurs

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66
Q

what is utilisation?

A

follows a surplus where vegetation uses moisture

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67
Q

what are 2 types of influences on drought?

A

indirect
direct

68
Q

what is groundwater abstraction?

A
  • process of drawing water from underground sources because demand exceeds supply from surface water stores
69
Q

how can a population increase be a human influence on drought?

A
  • increased amount of people in urban areas
  • increase density and demand exceeds supply
  • thin spread of resources
70
Q

how can the growing middle class be a human cause of drought?

A
  • increase number of people to feed
  • increase in incomes so increasing availability of meat products
  • 1kg of wheat takes 600-4,000 L of water to make
  • increases water for cattle and so more drought
71
Q

what are the 2 problems for groundwater abstraction?

A

1 - leads to hydrological drought
2 - will increase concentration of pollutants and contaminants

72
Q

how can groundwater abstraction lead to a hydrological drought?

A
  • taking of water faster than replenishment
  • takes years to recharge
  • decrease flow to river creating a drought further downstream
73
Q

how can groundwater abstraction lead to an increase in concentration of pollutants and contaminents?

A
  • makes water less usable and more expensive to use
  • eg ARYAL sea with groundwater abstraction
74
Q

what is the case study for human causes of drought?

A

Aryal sea
- abstraction in 1940s
- used water for food growth and manufacturing
- decreased river by 10% due to decreased flow
- increased concentration of water

75
Q

what are the 5 steps of the enhanced greenhouse affect?

A

1 - earths surface is warmed by short UV rays
2 - 31% reflected back into space
3 - remaining UV rays are absorbed
4 - heats surface and is re-radiated by long wave infrared radiation
5 - greenhouse gasses absorbed and re-radiate as infrared radiation in all directions

76
Q

how can human activity affect the enhanced greenhouse affect?

A
  • increase combustion of fossil fuels has increased the level of greenhouse gases
  • more radiation is trapped leading to increase global temperatures
77
Q

what are the 4 steps of the expansion of the Hadley cell casuing drought?

A

1 - with global warming strength of convection of the ITCZ increases
2 - causes increase in lat movement of the cell
3 - increase number of countries experiencing high pressure weather systems
4 - increase in evap and decrease in precip so a drought will form

78
Q

how is the decreasing water in the cryosphere causing drought?

A
  • global warming means retreat of glaciers and ice sheets
  • decrease in water stored in ice
  • causes a drought as this meltwater goes through the river
79
Q

what is the case study for the decreasing water in the cryosphere casuuing drought?

A

Indus river in the Himalayas

80
Q

how is the semi-permanent move of the north migration of the thermal equator causing drought? 4

A

1 - land absorbs and re-radiates excess heat more effectively than oceans
2 - N hemisphere is warming quicker than the south
3 - ITCZ is driven by where convection currents are strongest
4 - thermal equator moves N with the ICTZ and convectional rainfall with it

81
Q

how can groundwater abstraction cause a drought?

A
  • increase pressure from rising sea levels
  • increased pore water in aquifers which takes out salt water
  • salt water encroachment occurs creating a drought
82
Q

what is the case study for drought?

A

SOUTH AUSTRALIA DROUGHT 2006
- physical causes -> El Nino year
- human causes -> expansion of Hadley cell and groundwater abstraction

  • impacted the Murray Darling Basin
    provides 50% of the agricultural output
  • increased crop failure and exports
  • impacted urban areas such as Adelaide with the basin at 40% capacity
83
Q

what is a wetland?

A

an area of land that is saturated seasonally or perminantly

84
Q

what % of area do wetlands cover?

A

10%

85
Q

what are the 4 types of wetalnds?

A
  • marsh
  • bog
  • fen
  • swamp
86
Q

what is a physical function of a wetland?

A
  • temporary store in the hydrological cycle
  • use as a water source
  • recharges aquifers
  • slow passages of flood waters to a river
87
Q

what happens to the physical function of a wetland in a drought?

A
  • decreased in water and vegetation cover
  • increase exposure to solar energy and do not recharge aquifers
  • soil baking and overland flow
88
Q

what is the chemical function of a wetland?

A
  • trap and recycle pollutants and nutrients
  • bacteria breaks down pollutants and is home to aquatic species
89
Q

what happens to a wetland chemically in a drought?

A
  • increase concentration of pollutants
  • decrease filtration so fish die
90
Q

what is the biological function of a wetland?

A
  • provide habitats for fish and create breeding areas
91
Q

what happens to the biological function of a wetland in a drought?

A
  • less migration and gene pool so they are less resilient to disease and so die
92
Q

how can deforestation lead to a hydrological drought?

A
  • decrease infiltration and percolation
  • decrease water in the groundwater stores
  • dries out and causes a drought
93
Q

how can deforestation cause forest stress?

A
  • with soil baking and compaction it causes decreased infiltration and percolation
  • less nutrients in the soil
  • less resistant to diseases and pests so die and less likely to recover
94
Q

what are some human factors that can cause flooding?

A
  • urbanisation
  • climate change due to manufacturing
95
Q

what is the main case study for flooding?

A

CUMBRIA - KESWICK February 2020
- 180mm of rainfall over 2 days
- in Feb = soil moisture surplus
- steep relief = increased bank full discharge quickly so flooded

96
Q

how come floods are more likely to happen in winter?

A
  • ground is already saturated so less infiltration and percolation
  • increased overland flow into the main channel
  • exceeds bank full discharge quickly = FLOOD
97
Q

what is the second case study for floods?

A

BANGLADESH
- has low lying land behind coastal areas
- inputs of precipitation with meltwater from the Himalayas
- also has tropical storms creating storm surges

98
Q

how can decreased stemflow and throughfall increase flood risk? 4

A
  • decreased interception due to low levels of vegetation
  • increase water hits the ground directly and soil compaction
  • decrease in infiltration and percolation
  • increase saturated overland flow causing a flood
99
Q

how can decreased evapotranspiration lead to increased flood risk? 5

A
  • 25% of water is returned to a healthy forest
  • increased amount of water in the drainage basin
  • soil layer is more likely to be saturated
  • decreased infiltration and percolation so saturated overland flow beings
  • will exceed bank full discharge causing a flood
100
Q

how can decreased carbon sequestration lead to increased flood risk? 5 -monsoon rainfall

A
  • increased amounts of greenhouse gasses
  • increased EGHE and global temperatures
  • increase in eustatic sea level rise and coastal flooding in areas such as the Maldieves
  • increase in convectional rainfall due to increasing temps
  • increased intensity of monsoon rainfall
101
Q

what are the 3 ways in which urbanisation can increase flood risk?

A

1 - change in land use
2 - increased requirement for agriculture
3 - urban heat island effect

102
Q

how can a change in land use make urbanisation increase flood risk?

A
  • increase in impermeable surfaces such as tarmac and concrete
  • decrease in infiltration as overland flow due to low friction routes
  • increase the amount of water hitting the channel at similar times as exceeds bank full discharge
103
Q

how can an increase in requirement for agriculture make urbanisation increase flood risk?

A
  • increased requirement for deforestation
  • make new cattle ranch farms to feed the population
  • increase need for products considered part of the Western diet
  • due to increase incomes causing soil compaction etc
104
Q

how can the urban heat island effect increase flood risk?

A
  • the large amounts of concrete and tarmac which is densely packed impermeable surfaces
  • low albedo surfaces re-radiate it and absorbs it rather than reflect
  • the growing global middle class leads to air conditioning and car usage which increase pollutants and greenhouse gasses
  • densely packed heat escapes when difficulty
105
Q

how can soils of nutrients from fertilisers and agricultural land impact flood events?

A
  • increase of concentrations of nitrogen into standing bodies of water due to the increased overland flow
  • leads to excess plant growth and algae blooms
  • leads to EUTRIPHACATION
  • dense plant growth blocks sunlight and causes species to die due to no light in the water
  • creates a dead zone
106
Q

how can physical, chemical and biological functions of wetlands are all enhanced due to the increased availability of water impacts flood events?

A

physical function
- improved due to more infiltration and percolation

chemical function
- allows and increase in filtration and bacterial breakdown of surface waters

biological function
- more habitable for a greater variety for species and increased biodiversity

107
Q

what is the economic negative of socio-economic impacts if flood by humans?

A
  • flood events can damage buildings
  • can decrease economic output of businesses
  • 2015 Cumbria floods with the McVities stopped producing biscuits
  • in LIC can affect quality of agriculture and can affect crop yields.
108
Q

what is the social negative of socio-economic impacts if flood by humans? Death

A
  • flood waters can lead to deaths in LIC + NEE countries
  • 90% of deaths caused by flooding in Asia
  • knock on affects to local areas and a loss in value of residential proporty
109
Q

what is a social negative of flood by humans? 3

A
  • flood waters in LICs can be damaging and can increase the volume of poorly disposed treated waste
  • flood waters carry contaminants and can create diseases
  • healthcare services could become unsustainable strain
110
Q

what are the future flood trends of Amazon, Brazil?

A
  • increased convectional rainfall
  • increased saturation of soils so increased overland flow
  • increased floods
111
Q

what are the future flood trends of Northen Canada and Siberia?

A
  • thawing cryoshpere will increase melt waters and inputs and will overwlem the drainage basin
112
Q

what are the future flood trends of Bangladesh?

A
  • increases in sea levels will increase the risk of coastal flooding
  • increase tropical storms and monsoon rainfall
  • more frequent and intense storms
113
Q

how does the expasion of the Hadley cell contribute to future drought trends?

A

causes more dry decending high pressure weather systems to cover more areas of Southern Europe

114
Q

how can a decrease in frontal rainfall in mid lats decrease temperature different between polar and tropics?

A
  • less energy for rainfall
  • METEROLOGICAL DROUGHT
115
Q

what is water stress?

A

when society has less than 1,700 m3/person

116
Q

what is water scarcity?

A

when a society has less than 1,000 m3/person

117
Q

what is water insecurity?

A

when supplies cannot be gurenteed

118
Q

what % of water do humans use?

A

60%

119
Q

what % of the population has no safe drinking water?

A

15%

120
Q

what % of water is avaliable for use?

A

1.5%

121
Q

what % of water is avaliable through surface water stores?

A

1%

122
Q

how can an increase in global populations lead to water scarcity?

A
  • increase demand for food and for agriculture
  • more farms to keep up with demand
  • more deforestation
  • decrease in biotic pumping and soil compaction leading to no recharge of aquifers
123
Q

how can a growing global middle class lead to water scarcity?

A
  • increase of people having a western diet
  • increased running water in homes
  • increase requirement to manufacutre white goods
  • more co2 released during manufacturing
  • more EGHE and expansion of the hadley cell causing drought
124
Q

how can an increase in industrialisation lead to water scarcity?

A
  • increase advancment of technology used in NEEs
  • increased requirement of energy in electricity
  • increased construction of dams to create electricity
  • reduced flow downstream causing drought
125
Q

how can the pollution of groundwater and surface water store supplies influence water insecurity?

A
  • caused by aggressive agriculture
  • more in developing countries where they have weak water treatage and gov
  • causes areas of water to be polluted
126
Q

what is the case study for a NEE having humans causing water insecurity?

A

CHINA
- 1/3 of all rivers and coastal zones polluted
- toxins released into the river
- 805 of recent deathas caused by toxins in the water

127
Q

how can humans overabstracting surface and ground water stores cause water insecurity? Extracts in a year

A
  • 2025 predicted that extracts will be 5,000km a year
  • 2/3 of this will be agriculture
  • 90% in developing countries
  • due to demand increasing so need to find the supply
  • increased growing growing middle class
128
Q

how can the extensive ground water pumping lead to saltwater encroachment?

A
  • seaward movement of freshwater can decrease salt water encroachment at coastlines
  • pore water pressure within aquifers also leads protects against swe
  • global warming is increasing sea levels and allows for more slatwater to contaminate the sea
129
Q

how can climate detrrmine the global distribution of water supply?

A
  • mid lats and ITCZ get most rainfall (convectional and frontal)
  • seasonal variations can occur creating monsoon rainfall
  • ENSO cycles can also affect supply
130
Q

how can tupography influence distribution of water?

A
  • it is an area with high relief and runoff giving water to be mnore widley distributed
  • comminity located on the stoff side get water
  • community located on Lee side get water insecurity
131
Q

what are the 2 reasons for conflict with the River Nyle?

A

1 - decreasing supply
2 - increased demand and population

132
Q

why is there a decreasing supply for water in the River Nyle?

A

edge of the Hadley cell so expirence large amounts of high pressure weather systems

133
Q

what is the population expected to rise to by 2075 in Egypt? (River Nyle)

A

200 million

134
Q

why is there conflict at an international scale with the River Nyle? 4

A
  • the Nyle waters agreement allocated 55bn m3/water a year to Egypt
  • heavily reliant on the Nyle (97%) for cotton production and power
  • conflict rose with the creation of a dam in 2011
  • would slow channel flow for Egypt and they threatened military action
135
Q

what % of water does the River Nyle provide for Egypt?

A

90%

136
Q

how much water was Egypt allocated with the river Nyle waters agreement?

A

55 billion m3/year

137
Q

what are the 2 reason for conflict in the Colarado river?

A

1 - decreasing supply
- increasin demand and population

138
Q

why is there a decrease of supply in the Colarado river?

A
  • been in drought since 2000
  • global warming decreased inputs and increased outputs
  • dam construction decreased the flow of water
139
Q

why is there a increasing demand for water and increasing population in the Colarado river? Arizona

A
  • Arizona population set to double 2010-2030
  • increase requirement for food so uses water
  • 1.4 million ha of farmland which is responsible for growing 155 of the crops
  • there is a precipitation deficit
140
Q

what x is the population of Arizona set to rise by 2010-2030? (Colarado river)

A

2

141
Q

how may million of ha land is farmland in Arizona? (Colorado)

A

1.4 million ha of land

142
Q

why is there conflict at a reigonal scale for the lower basin of the Colorado river?

A
  • 1922 21 bn m3/year water was allocated
  • discharge was reduced by 15% of flow
  • decreased inputs into the basin and with the construction of dams
  • southern areas think that the N have been given more and so caused tension
143
Q

why is there conflict at international level with the Colorado river? Mexico

A
  • 1922 Mexico were allocated 1.85 billion m3/water a year
  • 90% of water was extracted before reaching Mexico
  • 10% of water was unusable with high pollutanta
144
Q

what is physical scarcity?

A

when demand exceeds supply that is avaliable

145
Q

what is economic scarcity?

A

when the supply is theoreitcally inadequate due to the lack of investment in water infastrucutre

146
Q

what are the 3 influences on the price of water?

A

1 - cost of supply
2 - changes in demand
3 - privitisation

147
Q

how does the cost of supply influence the price of water?

A
  • requires water infasterucutre to be developed
  • give a running cost which is determined by the distance the water travels and the terrain that it has to travel
148
Q

where does the water from Californa travel through? distance and terrain?

A

250 miles
San Gabriel mountains

149
Q

why has changes in demand influenced the price of water?

A
  • increased the demand so the suppliers charge more
  • demand will increase due to the
    >population increase
    >increasing global middle class
    > increasing demand for agriculture
    > increasing industrilaisation
150
Q

how has privitisation influenced the price of water?

A
  • moves of water companies from government ran to TNC
  • part of SAPs due to IMF and WB
  • TNCs are profit driven and make investments to increase extraction
  • increase cost to the customer
151
Q

how do dams manage water differently? GIRD dam

A
  • GIRD with the dam on the Nyle boarder of Sudan
  • runs through Ethiopia 45% have electricity
  • is in a mountinaous terrian so loses little water
  • increases inputs
    -decreases outputs
152
Q

how can the desalination with the tratments of fresh from salty water to create drinking water manage water supply?

A
  • treats both types of water
  • Syngapore withe the Mariana Plant uses reverse osmosis to generate drinking water
  • 7% of the water is created this way
  • is a consistent supply
  • has a small drainiage basin so output is low
153
Q

how can water transfer schemes manage water differently?

A
  • china has created the N/S water diversion
  • $80 billion tunnel that transfers water from the S->N
  • 100 million more people have access to water
  • has 18 powerhouses
  • 75% of water in Beging comes from this
154
Q

what is sustainable water managment?

A

meeting the needs of the people without compramising ability of future generations

155
Q

what is water conservation?

A

using less water to decrease the relience on the extraction of ‘new water’

156
Q

what is grey water recyling?

A

re-using or reclaiming water from taps and sinks

157
Q

where is grey water recyling being used?

A

Isreal and Adalain

158
Q

what % of agriculture uses grey water recycling?

A

40%

159
Q

what is drip feed irrigation?

A

less exposure of water to direct sunlight so less is lost to evaporation

160
Q

what is the case study for drip feed irrigation?

A

SINGAPORE -> by 2060 water demands x2 to 860 million m3/year
- aim to have 85% of water demands covered by NEW WATER

161
Q

what is the UNECE?

A

aims to protect to ensure quality and quantity and sustainable use of transboundary water sources

162
Q

what does the UNECE do?

A
  • facilitates cooperation
  • provides intergovernmental platform for day to day development
163
Q

what is the aims of Helsinki rules?

A

asserts the rights of al boundry nations to equitable shares

164
Q

what is the case study for Helsinki rules?

A

cashmere with the river Indus:
- created shares for all of them

165
Q

what is the aim of the EU water framwater directive?

A

establishes principles for the management of trans-boundary water in between the EU and member states

166
Q

what is article 3?

A

creation of an international district for river basins that cover more than 1 territory

167
Q

what happens if a district fails to keep water in the corrct condition?

A

they get fined

Geography (8 decks)

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