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Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the strata arranged at a concordant coastline?

A

Parallel to the coastline

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2
Q

What causes weaknesses at concordamt coastlines?

A

Tectonic forces

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3
Q

What is the case study for dicordant coastlines?

A

Lolworth cove

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4
Q

What do concordant coastlines form?

A

Small beaches and coves

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5
Q

How is the strata arrganed in a discordant coastline?

A

At an angle to the beach

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6
Q

What is the case study for discordant coastlines?

A

Bantry Bay, SW Ireland

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7
Q

What is the resistant strata at discordant coastlines made of?

A

Devonian old red sandstone

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8
Q

What is the weaker strata at discordant coastlines made of?

A

Carboniferous limestone

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9
Q

What wave action happens at discordant coastlines?

A

Wave refraction

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10
Q

How long ago was the devension ice age?

A

10,000 years ago

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11
Q

What was the time period after the devension?

A

The Holocene

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12
Q

What happened in the Holocene?

A

Ice sheets melted

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13
Q

What do the melting glaciers in the Holocene deposit?

A

Sediment

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14
Q

Where does the sediment land in front of the glaciers melting?

A

Outwash plain

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15
Q

What type of coastline is a Haff?

A

Concordant

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16
Q

How does a lagoon form?

A

Unconsolidated sediment builds up ——> forms an offshore bar ——-> traps water behind it

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17
Q

What type of a coastline is a Dalamtian?

A

Concordant

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18
Q

At Dalmatian coastlines, what do tectonic plates do to each other?

A

They move towards each other casuing folding to form causing sink lines and anticlines

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19
Q

How is horizontal dip made?

A

Compaction and cementation

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20
Q

Are the bedding planes exposed at horizontal dip?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What forms at horizontal dip?

A

Wave cut platform and caves

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22
Q

What happens to rock along a fold?

A

Weaknesses are exploited causing stretching and faults to occur

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23
Q

What angle do bedding planes at a high angle seaward dip lie?

A

Greater than 45°

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24
Q

What forms at a high angle seaward dip?

A

Scree of sediment (slopes)

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25
Q

What angle do bedding planes at a low angle seaward dip lie at?

A

Less than 45°

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26
Q

What forms at a low angle seaward dip?

A

Scree slopes

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27
Q

What is evident at a low angle seaward dip?

A

Cliff collapse shown by rockfall

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28
Q

At the south Dorset coastline what is the resistant strata made of?

A

Portland Limestone

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29
Q

At the south dorset coastline what is the weak strata made of?

A

Portland Limestone and Wealden clay

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30
Q

What wave action breaks through a fault/ joint at a concordant coastline?

A

Hydraulic action

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31
Q

How does strata erode when a concordant coastline resistant layer is broken through?

A

Laterally

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32
Q

At discordant coastlines, what causes strata to be less resistant?

A

Lithology and structure

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33
Q

What are the three causes of high angle degree of indentation of Bantry Bay?

A

Prevailing wind direction/ fetch, presence of a fault or sea level rise

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34
Q

How does a Haff coastline form?

A

Deposition of unconsolidated sediment parallel to the coastline

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35
Q

What is the case study of horizontal dip?

A

Glamorgan Heritage coastline

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36
Q

What is the uppermost strata attacked by with high angle seaward dip?

A

Sub-aerial processes

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37
Q

What is the case study for low angle seaward dip?

A

Button Hive, south Dorset

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38
Q

What angle do low angle seaward dip produce?

A

70-80°

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39
Q

What has unconsolidated sediment not done to form a solid rock layer? (3)

A

Compression, compaction and lithifaction

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40
Q

What is the function of leaves on a beach?

A

Reduce wind velocity and decrease erosion

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41
Q

What do the roots of a plant on a beach do?

A

Bind the sediment together

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42
Q

What adaptation will sand dunes need to have to survive?

A

Able to withstand dry conditions

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43
Q

What adaptation will salt marshes need to have to survive?

A

Able to withstand salty, moist conditions

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44
Q

How is sedimentary rock formed?

A

Deposition of sediment on sea bed and adds weight causing compaction

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45
Q

What kind of structure is sedimentary rock?

A

Clastic

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46
Q

How is igneous rock formed?

A

Magma cools to form a solid rock, forms interlocking crystals

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47
Q

Which is more resistant: igneous rock or sedimentary?

A

Igneous

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48
Q

What kind of strucutre does igneous rock have?

A

Crystalline

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49
Q

What happens when a wave hits a fracture?

A

It wodens as air is trapped inside and it expands in size and causes rockfall

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50
Q

What can lithology refer to?

A

Rock class and mineral composition

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51
Q

What reactive minerals are in limestone?

A

Calvite

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52
Q

What pH does weak carbonic acid have?

A

5.6

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53
Q

What type of process wears away limestone (calcium carbonate rock)?

A

Solution

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54
Q

What is produced with via surface run off in sedimentary rcoks?

A

Distinctive grooves and runnels

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55
Q

What are the recession rates of sedimentary rocks?

A

0.5-10cm a year

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56
Q

Is sedimentary rock easily faulted and jointed?

A

Yes

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57
Q

Why does wave refraction occur at headlands?

A

When the waves hit shallower water the length is 1/2 the height as the internal orbital motion touches the floor

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58
Q

What does friction do towards the wave in wave action?

A

Distorts the wave from circular to elliptical cashing the wave to turn inwards

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59
Q

What can wave action create?

A

Cave, arch, stack or stump

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60
Q

What height are constructive waves?

A

Below 1m

61
Q

What makes a wave constructive?

A

The fact that it has enough energy to push sediment up the beach

62
Q

How do constructive waves create a gently sloping beach profile?

A

The backswash loses energy and so less sediment is being deposited towards the top of the wave

63
Q

What is the wave length of a destructive wave?

A

20m

64
Q

What other factors can influence wave action and marine erosion?

A

Seasons

65
Q

How is a wave-cut notch formed?

A

A curve is made from the wave compressing air into the fracture causing it to explode and waves to cut away

66
Q

What factors contribute to a speeding erosion?

A

High wind, large fetch, storm surges and seasons

67
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

Net transport of material along the coastline

68
Q

What causes drift aligned feature to occur?

A

Prevaling wind at an angle to the beach

69
Q

What ° is the strongest longshore droft movement?

A

30°

70
Q

What 3 types of wave action are used in a swash aligned feature?

A

Traction, saltation and suspension

71
Q

What angle does a wave approach at a swash aligned feature?

A

90°

72
Q

What coastal landform forms at a swash aligned feature?

A

Bay-head beaches

73
Q

What is a example of a negative feedback loop?

A

Wave erosion causing blockfall —-> creates an overhang —-> rockfall

74
Q

What do negative feedback loops do to wave energy?

A

Decrease it by breaking up the waves which leads to reduced impact on a cliff

75
Q

What does a negative feedback loop do to the coastal sediment cell?

A

Slows the rate of sediment enerting the cell reducing the size of the landform

76
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

A

The removal of plants in a sand dune environment ——> marram grass —-> slows down wind direction so increases rate of erosion

77
Q

What is the case study for delta subsidence?

A

Ganges Brahmaputra Delta

78
Q

What causes delta subusdence?

A

Fluvial deposition of sediment —-> depostis on river mouth ——> weight increases causing crustal sag —-> increases sea levels

79
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

Water molecules gain energy and the space between the particles increases leading to sea level rise

80
Q

What is thermal contraction?

A

Drop in global temperatures so space between molecules decreases so reduction in volume of water

81
Q

What is rotational slumping?

A

Warm weather dries out layer, rain water funnes into sand layer, percolation begins, water travels along clay layer, lubricates it so it slips

82
Q

What is mass movement?

A

The downhill movement of material due to the force of gravity

83
Q

What is the case study for mass movement?

A

Christchurch Bay in Barton on Sea

84
Q

What is a RIa?

A

A flooded valley

85
Q

What 2 time ages cuase eustatic sea level change?

A

Devensian, Holocene

86
Q

How many metres lower were sea levels in the devension?

A

120m

87
Q

What causes eustatic sea level change?

A

Water melting from the cryosphere increasing size of the molecules

88
Q

When a river meets the sea, what happens to energy of the sediment?

A

It deacreses depsoting sediment on the delta

89
Q

What landform is caused by sea level rise?

A

A fjord

90
Q

What is a fjord?

A

A flooded glacial valley

91
Q

How many islands have subsided in the Ganges Brahmaputra Delta

A

50

92
Q

What does dredging do to the sediment cell?

A

Starves the sediment

93
Q

What happens when there is starvation of sediment after dredging?

A

Erosion continues at the same rate

94
Q

What is the case study for human intervention for dredging?

A

Hall sands

95
Q

how many tonnes of sediment were removed in hall sands?

A

1,600

96
Q

when was the storm that removal hall sands?

A

1917

97
Q

How do dams affect the sediment being transported to a coastline?

A

They reduce it causing starvation of sediment

98
Q

What year was the Aswan high dam?

A

1960

99
Q

what was the reduction of discharge in the Aswan High Dam?

A

35 billion m3/2 to 10 billion m3/2

100
Q

what was the volume of sediment reduced to at the Aswan high dam?

A

130 million tonnes to 15 million tonnes

101
Q

what are the levels of erosion at the Aswan high dam?

A

20-25 m/year to 200m/year

102
Q

What happens with the starvation of sediment at a dam?

A

It increase the rate further downstream

103
Q

How do groynes affect recession rates?

A

They will increase it further downstream

104
Q

What is an example of human intervention that caused increased erosion?

A

Groynes

105
Q

What is the highest point above sea level in the Maldives?

A

2.3m

106
Q

What type of sea level is at the Maldives?

A

Eustatic

107
Q

If sea level rise was 50cm in the Maldives what % of land would be lost?

A

70%

108
Q

What industry will be felt if the Maldives lost land?

A

Tourism

109
Q

What is an example of isostatic sea level change?

A

Delta subsidence

110
Q

What risk increases with delta subsidence?

A

Flood risk

111
Q

What is the role of planting mangroves?

A

Stabilises the sediment with root systems to decrease erosion

112
Q

What is the cause study for removing mangroves?

A

Bangladesh

113
Q

What is the length of the mangroves removed in Bangladesh?

A

100m

114
Q

What does 1mb decrease in air pressure do to sea level?

A

Rise by 1cm (locally)

115
Q

What is a case study for a developing country?

A

Bangladesh storm sidir 2007

116
Q

What catagory cyclone was the storm sidir in Bangladesh in 2007?

A

4

117
Q

What % of land in Bangladesh is 3m above sea level?

A

60%

118
Q

What were the deaths of the Bangladesh storm sidir?

A

15,000

119
Q

What is the case study for a developed country?

A

Storm Xavier 2013 UK

120
Q

What was the storm surge of the developed country of the UK?

A

3m

121
Q

How many people were evacuated in the 2013 storm Xavier?

A

18,000

122
Q

What stopped the flooding of the Thames in 2013 Storm Xavier?

A

Flood barriers

123
Q

What are hard engineering strategies?

A

Disrupt natural processes using man-made structures

124
Q

What is a case study for groynes?

A

Holderness

125
Q

What are the cost of groynes per metre?

A

£150

126
Q

What do groynes do?

A

Prevent longshore drift encourage deposition as it reduces the energy of transporting water

127
Q

What is a negative of groynes?

A

It starves the sediment in the sediment cell

128
Q

What is the case study for sea walls?

A

Holderness

129
Q

What is the cost of sea walls per metre?

A

£3,000-10,000

130
Q

What is a sea wall?

A

A wall made out of hard material that reflects waves back into the sea

131
Q

What is a negative of sea walls?

A

They are expensive to build and not economically viable

132
Q

What is a case study for rock armour?

A

Holderness

133
Q

What is rock armour?

A

Piles of large boulders placed at a foot of the cliff

134
Q

What is a negative for rock armour?

A

They disrupt the coastal sediment cell

135
Q

What is offshore breakwater?

A

Large rocks in the sea to break the wave to reduce energy

136
Q

What are revetments?

A

Interlocking stone structures to absorb wave energy

137
Q

What are the cost of revetments per metre?

A

£500-3,000

138
Q

What are soft engineering strategies?

A

Working with natural processes

139
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

The addition of large quantities of sand to the beach system

140
Q

What is a positive of beach nourishment?

A

It is a more economically viable option

141
Q

What is a case study for beach nourishment?

A

Hallsands

142
Q

What if cliff stabilisation?

A

Drainage pipes to channel groundwater to reduce rotational slumping

143
Q

What is a negative of cliff stabilisation?

A

It is expenisve

144
Q

What is dune stabilisation?

A

Planting marram grass to prevent erosion to grow the dune

145
Q

What is a negative of dune stabilisation?

A

Could be trampled, overgrown and removed by storms

146
Q

What is sustainable coastal management?

A

Meeting the needs of the people without impacting the ability of future generations

147
Q

What is considered with sustainable coastal management?

A

Responsibility, economic viability, negative unintended consequences

148
Q

What is a stakeholder?

A

Someone with vested interest in the coast

149
Q

What are 4 actions for a shoreline management plans?

A

No intervention, hold the line, managed realignment (retreat) , advance the line

Geography (8 decks)

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