Migration Flashcards
what is the clarke fisher model?
shows a change in a countries economic sector balance
what is an asylum seeker?
a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution, violence or death
what is the first flow of political movement within a country? 4 change in government view
- change in government view
- Myanmar changed in practised patronage to the Buddhist majority
- persecution of Rohingya Muslims
- 78% identified as illegal migrants so villages were burnt
what is the second flow of political movement between countries? 4 conflict between countries
- conflict between countries led to migration
- 2014 annexation of russia to grow land -> built a bridge and sent 150,000 ethnic russins to vote
- increased likehood of Ukraine joining NATO
- full scale invasion in FEB 2022
what is the third flow of political movement both within and between countries? 5 when a government lose legitimacy
- when a government lose legitimacy
- ARAB SPRINGS uprising in 2010 led to revolution of young people
- created a power void
- created civil war
- by 2015 1 million migrants crossed the med sea
what are the three main environmental reasons for the migration of people?
1 - increase flood
2 - increase drought
3 - increase sea levels
1 - how can increase in flood lead to an increase in migration? 4
- increase in enhanced greenhouse affect
- increased volume and intensity of tropical storms
- increase intensity of monsoon rainfall in areas such as pakistan
- aug 2022 78.4% more rain
2 - how has increases in drought led to increased migration? 6
- expansion of the hadley cell led to stronger convection currents along the ITCZ
- increase areas having high pressure weather systems
- meteorological drought to agricultural
- NE Syria 800,000 farmers lost income and 85% of livestock died
- forced 300,000 families to migrate
- increase population density and strain on services
3 - how has an increase in sea levels led to increased migration? 4
- increase global temperatures
- eustatic sea level rise which is caused by thawing of cryosphere and thermal expansion
- increase in tropical storms
- increase in coastal flooding
how has globalisation led to the increased flow of information due to social media? 2
through filming protests and putting it on social media
creation of viral hashtags which put pressure on governments
what are the 2 consequences of mena migration on the eu?
1 - death
2 - increased closed door policies
how has death impacted the EU?
- migrants don’t have documentation
- must travel illegally
- used overloaded inflatable boats
- many don’t make the crossing and drown
- 2014 missing migrants project recorded 20,000 death of migrants
how has an increase in closed door policies impacted migration?
- governments fear migration
- increase strain on resources and services
- countries create obstacles such as tightening boarder controls
- fund coastal patrols to stop the start of the journey
what is assimilation?
adoption of culture by a minority group
what is ethnicity?
state of belonging to a social gorup
what is culture?
ideas of customs and social behaviour about food and music
what is dispora?
a dispensed group of people with a shared cultral background who have spread internationally
what are the 4 negative postives and negatives with percetiopns of migration?
1 - social
2 - economic
3 - demographic
4 - cultral
what is a social postive view of migration? Tax
- increased migration leads to inncreased viewpoints
- REALTIY pay more in tax
- 2016-17 migrant paid £3750 more in tax
what is a social negative view of migration?
increased migration into urban areas
- increased migration into urban areas
- increased desntiy and strain on services
- government budgets are split over more people
what is an economic postive of migration?
filling labour gaps
- migrants fill labour gaps
- 26% of doctors are foreign
- businesses can optimaly produce
- increase revenue
what is an economic negative of migration?
increased competition of jobs
- increased competition of jobs
- increased pressure for incomes
- employment increased due to pandemic
what is a demographic positive for migration?
young people
- more younger migrants into a area
- more working age
- increase health and care for older generation
what is a demographic negative for migration?
brain drain
- source countris view migration as a negative with periphery to core happening
- brain and broun drain can occure leading to a decrease in working aged people
- spiral of decline will occur
what is a cultral positive for migration?
more cultrues
- disphore assimilate into the majority cultrue and willincrease choice of culture
- increase quality of lived experience
what is a cultral negative of migration?
cultral erosion
- peopl fear cultral erosion may occur
- Mexico 1/5 of pop is hispanic
what is soverignty?
rights to a country to it’s own government
what is a nation state?
soverign state where citizens are limited by factors
what is cultral unity?
similar cultrue
what is lignusitic unity?
similar language
what is the flow for Iceland achieving cultra unity?
McDonalds
- achieved cultral unity due to physical location
- cold climate affects agricultre
- abundence of fish
- import of fresh food was difficult
- failure of McDonalds due to people not wanting fast food
what is the flow for iceland achieving lingusitic unity?
- achieved linguistic unity due to physical isolation
- 750 miles from Scotland
strong culture so language was developed
- 98% fluent in English for tourism
- makes it difficult to learn
- may act a barrier to migrants so makes culture stronger
what is the flow for Singapore achieving cultral unity?
- embracing diversity as part of it’s culture
- physical location means it has links to trading
one of the largest ports
- attracted economic migrants - 40% of the population
- 1964 race riots due to government not uniting the cultures
have a day to celebrate
what is the flow of Singapore achieving lingusitic unity?
- development of a shared language
- Singlish is a combination of English and Chinese
- encourages cultural unitygovernment use English to speak so try to make people speak it
what are the 2 types of boarders?
ones created by physical objects such as mountins
ones created by wars and civil conflicts
what are the 3 main obsticles for PHYSICAL boarders?
1 - mountains
2 - seas and oceans
3 - rivers
how are mountains affecting migration?
difficult to cross in winter
heavy snowfall meaninbg decreased oxygen
sepcialist equipment needed
how are oceans affecting migration?
strong currents and increased use of boats
dangerous to cross
how are rivers affecting migration?
high dishcharge in winter
dangerous to cross
safest route is a bridge
what is the case study for post colonial boarders?
Rwanda genocide
what is the flow of post colonial control in Rwanda?
- Belgium took control of Rwanda post ww12 - Hutus (85) and Tutsies (14.1%) and Belgium sided with the Tutsies3- national and ethnic cards were produced- riots made when belgium left tutsies in charge5 - resentment grew with the Hutus6 - the government lost legitimiacy7 - president killed and started the genocide
what are the 2 case studies for contested boarders?
Crimea and Taiwan
how was nationalism achieved in the 19th century
through empire building
how did the British Empire rise to superpower status?
1 - used superior naval forces to take control
2 - forced culture along the population eg, sports,, education
3 - gained independene
what are the 4 main reasons for the decline in empires?
1 - high cost of war
2 - growing resistance to colonial rule
3 - young Europeans protesting
4 - shifting economic sector balence -> moving away from manufacturing
how is a power vacuum created in an empire?
empires were dismantled faster than they were being built.
what happens after a power vacuum has been created in a country?
the army take control of the country
what are the 3 costs in relation to the DRC?
economic
environmental
social
what is the flow for economic costs with the DRC? mobutu
-resource curse so prone to exploitation
- Mobutu established on exploitation of resources
- made it difficult for TNC investment
- little advancement
- corrupt government
what is the environmental costs with the DRC?
- subsequent internal conflict
- UN had to bring peacekeepers
- led to establishment of refugee camps
- 18,000 peacekeepers sent
- building of shelter made deforestation increase
- habitat loss
what is the social cost of the DRC?
political instability since decolonisation
- led to questioning of legitimacy
- regime challenge to Mobutu resulted in a 6 nation war
- 5 billion deaths and main reason as to why the HDI score is so low
what is the case study for post colonial conflict? Vietnam
- Vietnam taken over by Japan
- split into 2 (north = communist) south = capitalsit
- during cold war soviet military backed a campaign to capture the south of Vietnam
- 1964 South Vietnam was on the brink of a defeat so US assisted
- 1970 -> US withdrew after loss
- Vietnam became a socialist republic
what are the 3 flows for Vietnam with conflict between the north and south?
social
environmental
economic
what is the social flow for Vietnam?
4 million wee killed in the war
50% were innocent citizens
what is the environmental flow for Vietnam?
agent orange and herbicide defoliant was used to remove the natural cover
- deforestation and contamination decreased the biodiversity
how much did the war in Vietnam cost?
$950 million
what are the 2 flows for how colonialism has impacted post-colonial patterns of migration?
language
education
how has language assimilated itself into Vietnam after the war?
- was forced into English being the language
- provided opportunity to residents of Caribbean countries to fill labour gaps
- increase confidence to migrate
how has education been assimilated itself into Vietnam after the war?
- students were taught the English curriculum
- doctors travelled to the former colonies such as India and Pakistan
- medical schools used the same textbooks as in these countries
- increased confidence to migrate
how have developments in communication technology allowed for the development of tax havens?
- fibre optic cables allow for data to be transferred
- increased speed and volume of flows of capital to tax havens
- led to eco development within tax havens and growth ofi services
how have developments in transport technology allowed for the development of tax havens?
- jet aircraft led to a shrinking world
- more of the world is accessible such as British Virgin Islands
- easier for people to migrate to tax havens to help grow financially
- increase populations and creates a +ve multiplier
how has the global shift of services and manufacturing allowed for the development of tax havens?
- increased profits for TNCs will want to keep as much as possible
- allows them to reinvest and keep shareholders happy
- run profits through tax havens to help reduce coorporatin tax liability
- tax havens grow and leads to growth of the CEOs and grant residency in the Tax Havens
how can the globalisation of culture allow for the development of tax havens?
- spread of western ideas of capitalism
- facilitates growth of tax havens
- rates of tax become competitive when trying to encourage FDI
- Ireland -> 12% and attracted investment from TNCS -> Starbucks
what are the 3 main areas that tax havens with benefit? groups
1 - high network people
2 - residents of tax haves
3 - large businesses
how do tax havens benefit hight network people?
- can decrease income tax by living in another country
- increased disposable income
- reinvest in assets that will grow
- increased spends on goods and services = TRICKLE DOWN
how do tax havens benefit residents of tax havens?
- job creation related to different sectors due to large capital movements
- British Virgin Islands hold 5,000 its net worth in foreign investments
- increase employment and creates +ve multiplier effect
how can tax havens benefit large businesses?
- run profits through a tax haven
- increase amount of profit
- reinvest in research and tech
- increase quality of the product
- increase sales and profits
- increased reinvestment
- increased efficiency and production eg Amazon
what are the 2 costs of tax havens? groups
governments of non-tax havens
small and medium businesses
how do tax havens cause a cost on governments of non-tax havens? Kenya
- suffer from capital flight as TNCs are locating there
- $89 billion a year is lost from Kenya = 30% tax
- governent revenues from the tax promote socio-economic development such as education
- requires loans from WB and so have to open to FDI
- DEPENDENCY THEORY -> underdevelopment
how do tax havens cause a cost to small and medium businesses?
out competed by larger firms due to quality and cost
- don’t have profit to engage in tax avoidance in tax havens
- pay more in tax and so limits the use of reinvestment
- TNCs will lobby governments
- TNCs take control of weaker environmental legislation
- use TNCS in SAPS
- use extraction to create habitat loss
what are the 4 main reasons as to why TNCs may not move to a tax haven?
1 - large scale manufacturing company
2 - concerned about reputational damage
3 - need a high skill workforce
4 - firm needs to transfer pricing
why might a TNC not locate to a tax haven? - large scale manufacturing companies
- tax havens hold small populations eg-> British Virgin Islands 31,000
- smaller labour pool of workers to work for low cost
- smaller market
- involves transportation cost that will decrease profits
why might a TNC not locate to a tax haven? - concerned about reputational damage
- may decrease sales and profits such as Starbucks paid £0 in tax and had £380 million in sales
- led to protests outside stores in big cities
- contained images of consequences of avoidance of tax
- led to decreased sales on those days
why might a TNC not locate to a tax haven? - firm requires a high skilled workforce
- can often obnly be accessed in a high tax country
- UK -> 26% tax and the avergae years of schooling is 17
- better qualified and more productive
why might a TNC not locate to a tax haven? - if a firm uses transfer pricing
- no need to relocate due to opening of stores in high and low tax locations
- fiancial exchange will occur BETWEEN THE STORES
- decrease profit in high tax
- overall pays less in tax
What is the IGO of OECO?
Maintains a black list of countries operating as tax havens as a warning to TNCS
What is the IGO of The world economic forum?
Creates a global 25% rather of cooperation tax
How has the UN grown in importance? Growth in membership? 1945, 1960s
- created in 1945 with 51 member states
- grew to 193 during 1960s
- aims to prevent war, protect rights
How is the Un growing in importance since 1945? Growing number of agencies within and those that act on behalf of the UN
- increased scale of objectives
- currently specialised agencies impacting in the UNs behalf
What is an example of a part of the UN?
WHO - headquarters in Switzerland
- deals with sanitation and health
- covid 19 was dealt with the
How is the UN increasing in importance since 1945? Growing number of convections
- universal declaration of human rights in 1948
- led to establishment of human rights council
- form organisation such as Geneva convention
How has the UN responding to global conflicts? Approves economic sanctions
- member states agree to restrict trade on cultural events
- bring a change in foreign policy
- UNSC resolution against Iran in 2006 in response to use of nuclear weapons
- some sanctions are to be used with the approval of UNSC
What is the case study for the UN resolving conflicts in relation to sanctions?
UNSC against Iran in 2006 due to use of nuclear weapons
How has the UN responding to global conflicts? Sending troops to conflict zones
- known as peacekeepers
- made up of armed forces and member states
- they prevent conflict and enforce peace
What is 1 example of peacekeepers being sent by the UN
1999 peacekeepers sent to the DRC costing £10 billion
How does the UN act to global conflicts and issues? UN is limited in the ability to intervene? vetoes a decision
- perminant members if the UNSC vetoes a decision
- member states take a uni-lateral interview
- if action is taken they are powerless
- UK AND US intervention in Afghanistan in 2001
What is the aim of Breton woods as an IGO?
- avoid protectionism of the 1930s
- viewed as harmful to world trade
- widespread unemployment
World bank increasing trade
- founded in 1944
- loans for poverty reduction and economic development
- PHILLIPINED 2014 with $470 milllion loan
- to improve farm to market roads led to 5% increase in incomes
When was the world trade founded?
1944
IMF increasing trade?
- lend money in times of crisis
- GHANA 2015 $918 million loan
- high interest loans
- increase eco growth from 22% in 2015 to 88% in 2019
Gives more job opportunities
World trade organisation increasing trade
- promote free trade
- DOHA ROUND 2001 whih. Reduce use of agricultural subsidies
- give developing countries an advantage in lower cost markets to help them develop
USA increasing influence over Bretton woods
- influence over world bank
- all presidents have been Americans and HQ in Washington
- free markers have been called Washington concensus
- use influence to gain support for economic policies
- forces countries to make alternative economic models
WTO increasing trade by TNC takeover
- removal of protectant measures
- -be for infant industries who don’t have the resources of TNCS
- can be outcompeted by TNC
- TNCS becoming only option
Failure of WTO with trade blocs.
- enlarged markets can create economies of scale
- countries discover they have compulsory advantage as firms emerge
- common external tariff oritects firms from overseas imorts
How many trade blocs are in existence?
30
USMCA
Free trade bloc encouraging free trade between US, Mexico and Canada
Mercosur pact
Customs union with a common external tarrif
what was the Montreal protocol of 1987?
- 1960s UNEP called for a response due to ozone depletion
- cfc’s in fridges and areosols
- caused an increase in UV rays
- signed in 1987
- stopped producing cfc’s
what was the climate change agreement?
- 1993 first rasied an issue
- Kyoto Protocol 1997
- new international agreement in 2015
- reduce carbon emmissions and keep avg temp 1.5* above pre-industrial levels
why was the 2015 paris agreement a failure?
rich governments are based on carbon
- did not meet targets and so would not pay poor countries and compensation
what was the convention on interational trade in endangered species of wild flora and favna (CITES) 1975
- set in 1975
- banned trade in threatned species and their products
- adapted by 183 countries
- led to recovery of Hawaiian birds
how has the rising wealth of china and indoeasia allowing for failures in relation to the enviroment?
- increase trade in illegal substances such as rhino horn
- needs a cultral shift away from these products
- focus on species not ecosystems and deforestation is not always reduced
what is the millennium ecosystem assessment? ecosystem
- international collaberation helped popularise ecosystem services approach
- financial value is calculated for threatned biomes
- ecosystem services fit well with capatalist values
what are the 3 roles of the UNCLOS? (UN convention on law of the sea
1 - protection of marine biodiversity
2 - regulates global shipping flows
3 - protect the rights of landlocked countries
how can UNCLOS protect marine biodiversity? 1910-79 and 1982
- requires 167 signitures to follow the Whaling commission
- 1910-79 there were 2.4 mill kiilled
- 1982 IWC issued ban on commerical whale hunting under CITES
- whale numbers increased
- not all states agreed
what is UNCLOS?
- defines boundries of coastal zones for countries
- area extends 200 natuical miles into the ocean into an exclusive economic zone
how does UNCLOS regulate global shipping flows?
- 90% of global trade involves sea travel
- ships cause pollution so expected to follow rules
- allowed retirerment of oil tankers making it illegal to clean out tanks with sea water
how does UNCLOS protect the rights of landlocked states?
- 42 states have no coast
- landlocked states have access to the ocean
- without taxation allows them to move
- N oversaw the cliam to Bolivia to Chile
what is the Helsinki water convention in 1992?
- guidleines on use of rivers and groundwater on crossing of national boarders
- prior to Helsinki, assumed water in their states was their to exploit
- now want a share so people further downstream have good flow
- rules updated in 2004
what is the antartic treaty system?
- to set aside antartica as a scientific preserve
- established the freedom of scientific investigation
- treaty started in 1961 and as 63 parties
- mining was banned and seals
what are the 3 factors influencing nationalism?
1 - political parties
2 - sporting events
3 - closed door policies and media aswell as education
how has political parties influenced nationalism?
- promote awarness of their view EG UKIP
- belive membership of EU is a loss os soverignty
- 2015 general election voters were pressurised into getting a referendum
- part of UKIP campaign is to increase national pride
how has sporting events influenced nationalism?
- olympics generated a desire for the success of a nation
- LONDON 2012
- medals and flags with national anthem
- increased national pride aswell as the opening ceremony such as queen and the NHS
how has sporting events influenced nationalism?
- olympics generated a desire for the success of a nation
- LONDON 2012
- medals and flags with national anthem
- increased national pride aswell as the opening ceremony such as queen and the NHS
how has closed door policies, global media and education infleunced nationalism?
- specification for certain subjects aims to include content that has national pride
- WW1 and WW2 used Britain’s role as a leader of allied forces and schools attended remeberence day papades
how does the USA tie national identity to distinctive legal systems?
- provides written constitution with high levels of clarity detailing the rights of people
- ARTICLE 2 - citizens enjoy freedoms and protect the rights and freedoms
- consolidate the rights in the national anthem
how does national identity tie to methods of governance? DEMOCRACY
- governing party is elected by the population
- makes governing party accountable to the population
- becomes part of policies that become the idenity -> EUQLAITY ACT
what are the 2 types of government styles?
1 - democracy
2 - dictatorship
how does national identity tie to methods of governance? DICTATORSHIP
- don’t have a say in leadership and present a strong military image RUSSIA
- act in ways to promote ideas such as the invasion of the Crimea
- solidifies their identity as a military superpower
- further used with propoganda
What are the 3 ways of national idenity being tied to national character?
1 - monarchy
2 - food and drink
3 - currency and stamps
how does the monarchy help national identity be tied to national character?
- recognisable symble of porud part of Britain
- becomes part of national pride
- shown in big events
- ROYAL WEDDINGS
- Harry and Meghan’s wedding with 1.9 billion people watched it
how many people tuned into Harry and Meghan’s wedding?
1.9 billion people
how does food and drink help national identity to be tied to national character?
- iconic dishes can become part of the character
- ENGLISH BREAKFAST AND FISH AND CHIPS
- projected across the boarders such as Meditterainian countries have established English dishes
how does currency and stamps help national idendity to be tied to national character?
- part of the national symbolism
- £ is a symbol of stability
- UK CURRENCY HAS IMAGE OF MONARCH
- coins can show images of pride OLYMPICS AND PETER RABBIT
how can national identity tie to landscapes?
BRITISH COUNTRYSIDE
- strong association in Englnad
- UK ESTABLISHED LAKE DISTRICT and gave areas access and protect them
what are the 3 ways that TNC’s are becoming a threat to national idenity?
1 - TNC ownership of national companies
2 - TNC’s cause westernisation
3 - TNCs cause changes in language
how can TNC ownership of national companies create a threat to nayional identity?
- traditonal brands -> UK CADBURY
- many companies have brands liked with british values -> JAGUAR LANDROVER owned by TATA which use the slogan made in Britain by 50% of components are pproduced in another country and then are shipped to the UK
- by being part of an Indian owned means decisions were made in India
what is the case study for TNC ownership of national companies creating a threat of national idenity?
JAGUAR LANDROVER by TATA
50% of components are pproduced in another country and then are shipped to the UK
- by being part of an Indian owned means decisions were made in India
how can TNCs causing westernisation lead to a threat of national identity?
- spread of Western culture
- when a TNC outsources the workforce are exposed by it’s products
- desire these products and leads to a change in culture
- makke money and consume
what is the case study for TNC’s casuing westernisation threatning national idenity?
APPLE IN THE US
- aiming to promote change in culutre from repair to replace
- use planned obselesence such as BATTERY LIFE AND SOFTWARE UPDATES
- products are used in culture
how can TNC’s take national idenity into account when they are designng their products?
- MCDONALDS OPERATING IN 100+ COUNTRIES
- use GLOCALISATION -> INDIA have veggis which consider a cow a sacred meat so created the spicy Paneer burger
how can TNC’s cause chnages in language lead to a thret of national identity?
- language is one of the largest parts of national idenity
- global media companies produce songs in English
- consumed by global audience and absorb the english lang
- people will adopt the cultral traits that facilite the growth of their socio-econnomic status
what are te 3 consequences of foreign ownership in the UK?
1 - economic impact - increase in tax avoidence
2 - economic impact - increase repatriated profits
3 - social impact - impact on community coheision
how can foreign ownership in the UK lead to an increase in tax avoidence/
- TNCs engage in transfer pricing as TNCs are footloose and operate in multiple countries
- report low profits in high tax countries to decrease cooperation tax liability
- this will decrease revenue for nat gov and decrease spend on public servcies
EG- UK with 25% of tax
how can foreign ownership in the UK lead to an increase in repatriated profit?
- dividens are paid to foreign shareholders
- profits are no longer in the UK and money is spent elseware
- decreased trickle down and less re-investment
how can foreign ownership in the UK lead to an impact of community cohesion?
- large amounts of proporty is owned by foreign investors
- 50% OF LONDON IS OWNED BY RUSSIAN INVESTORS
- invest in proporty for capital gain
- proporties are left vacant and decrease avaliabity of proporty
- decrease in supply and increased demand due to investment portential#
- can lead to displacement of local population
what are the 3 consequences of political and cutrla disunity within nations?
1 - emergence of strong nationalist groups
2 - another consequence can be civil unrest in protesting
3 - increased child mortality
how can the emergence of strong nationalist groups be a consequence of political and cultral diksunity? Scotland
- promotion of intrests of a particular nation with the aim of increasing soverignty
- SCOTLAND with very little support for English conservatives
- 2019 general election had 48/59 seats won by the national party
- resulted in policital tensions
- made worse by Brexit vote and want to gain independence
how can civil unrest in the form of protest be a consequence of political and cultral disunity? Brazil
- can be caused by uneven pattern of costs and benfeits of globalisation
- BRAZIL and the gini-coefficient to measure development showing high wealth
- BRAZIL HOSTED THE WORLD CUP IN 2014
- people belive that money should be spent on the poor
- 7 million protested
what is the case study for civil unrest in the form of protest be a consequence of politial and cultral disunity?
BRAZIL - hosted 1024 world cup
- 7 million protested about money being spent on stadiums not on the poor
how can an increase in child mortality be a consequence of political and cultral disunity?
- often a consequence of failed states
- located in developing areas
- SOMALIA by colonial boarders which led to a power vaccum
- 1991 military regime was overthrown leading to disunity
- 2000 attempted to form a government
- no control over the government
- child mortality was high
what is the case study for an increase in child mortality due to political and social disunity?
SOMALIA with colonial boarders
- 1991 military regime was overthrown leading to disunity
- 2000 attempted to form a government
- no control over the government
- child mortality was high
what are the 3 reasons for soverign states varying in order of levels of political unity?
1 - political reasons
2 - economic reasons
3 - both
why might there be internal conflict in China?
gov and reigon of Hong Kong with protests taking place
why might there be internal conflicgt in India?
religous differences between Hindu and Muslim
what are the 2 causes for weak national identity?
1 - quality and type of governance
2 - divisons between ethnic groups
how can quality and type of governance cause for weak identity?
- results in divisons in pop
- developing nations may have governing officials who operate closly with local elites and cooperations
- rank highly on the glolbal corruption index
how can the divisions between ethnic groups cause for weak idenityty?
- legacy of colonisalism - SKYKES-PICO LINE
- SYRIA divided with 65% Sunni and 12% Allowis
- patrognage and corruption by regime meant other ethnic groups were unrepresented
- decreased legitimacy of governments
- results in conflict between groups
- decreases nat idenityt
