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Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the clarke fisher model?

A

shows a change in a countries economic sector balance

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2
Q

what is an asylum seeker?

A

a person who has left their country and is seeking protection from persecution, violence or death

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3
Q

what is the first flow of political movement within a country? 4 change in government view

A
  • change in government view
  • Myanmar changed in practised patronage to the Buddhist majority
  • persecution of Rohingya Muslims
  • 78% identified as illegal migrants so villages were burnt
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4
Q

what is the second flow of political movement between countries? 4 conflict between countries

A
  • conflict between countries led to migration
  • 2014 annexation of russia to grow land -> built a bridge and sent 150,000 ethnic russins to vote
  • increased likehood of Ukraine joining NATO
  • full scale invasion in FEB 2022
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5
Q

what is the third flow of political movement both within and between countries? 5 when a government lose legitimacy

A
  • when a government lose legitimacy
  • ARAB SPRINGS uprising in 2010 led to revolution of young people
  • created a power void
  • created civil war
  • by 2015 1 million migrants crossed the med sea
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6
Q

what are the three main environmental reasons for the migration of people?

A

1 - increase flood
2 - increase drought
3 - increase sea levels

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7
Q

1 - how can increase in flood lead to an increase in migration? 4

A
  • increase in enhanced greenhouse affect
  • increased volume and intensity of tropical storms
  • increase intensity of monsoon rainfall in areas such as pakistan
  • aug 2022 78.4% more rain
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8
Q

2 - how has increases in drought led to increased migration? 6

A
  • expansion of the hadley cell led to stronger convection currents along the ITCZ
  • increase areas having high pressure weather systems
  • meteorological drought to agricultural
  • NE Syria 800,000 farmers lost income and 85% of livestock died
  • forced 300,000 families to migrate
  • increase population density and strain on services
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9
Q

3 - how has an increase in sea levels led to increased migration? 4

A
  • increase global temperatures
  • eustatic sea level rise which is caused by thawing of cryosphere and thermal expansion
  • increase in tropical storms
  • increase in coastal flooding
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10
Q

how has globalisation led to the increased flow of information due to social media? 2

A

through filming protests and putting it on social media
creation of viral hashtags which put pressure on governments

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11
Q

what are the 2 consequences of mena migration on the eu?

A

1 - death
2 - increased closed door policies

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12
Q

how has death impacted the EU?

A
  • migrants don’t have documentation
  • must travel illegally
  • used overloaded inflatable boats
  • many don’t make the crossing and drown
  • 2014 missing migrants project recorded 20,000 death of migrants
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13
Q

how has an increase in closed door policies impacted migration?

A
  • governments fear migration
  • increase strain on resources and services
  • countries create obstacles such as tightening boarder controls
  • fund coastal patrols to stop the start of the journey
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14
Q

what is assimilation?

A

adoption of culture by a minority group

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15
Q

what is ethnicity?

A

state of belonging to a social gorup

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16
Q

what is culture?

A

ideas of customs and social behaviour about food and music

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17
Q

what is dispora?

A

a dispensed group of people with a shared cultral background who have spread internationally

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18
Q

what are the 4 negative postives and negatives with percetiopns of migration?

A

1 - social

2 - economic

3 - demographic

4 - cultral

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19
Q

what is a social postive view of migration? Tax

A
  • increased migration leads to inncreased viewpoints
  • REALTIY pay more in tax
  • 2016-17 migrant paid £3750 more in tax
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20
Q

what is a social negative view of migration?

increased migration into urban areas

A
  • increased migration into urban areas
  • increased desntiy and strain on services
  • government budgets are split over more people
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21
Q

what is an economic postive of migration?

filling labour gaps

A
  • migrants fill labour gaps
  • 26% of doctors are foreign
  • businesses can optimaly produce
  • increase revenue
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22
Q

what is an economic negative of migration?

increased competition of jobs

A
  • increased competition of jobs
  • increased pressure for incomes
  • employment increased due to pandemic
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23
Q

what is a demographic positive for migration?

young people

A
  • more younger migrants into a area
  • more working age
  • increase health and care for older generation
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24
Q

what is a demographic negative for migration?

brain drain

A
  • source countris view migration as a negative with periphery to core happening
  • brain and broun drain can occure leading to a decrease in working aged people
  • spiral of decline will occur
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25
Q

what is a cultral positive for migration?

more cultrues

A
  • disphore assimilate into the majority cultrue and willincrease choice of culture
  • increase quality of lived experience
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26
Q

what is a cultral negative of migration?

cultral erosion

A
  • peopl fear cultral erosion may occur
  • Mexico 1/5 of pop is hispanic
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27
Q

what is soverignty?

A

rights to a country to it’s own government

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28
Q

what is a nation state?

A

soverign state where citizens are limited by factors

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29
Q

what is cultral unity?

A

similar cultrue

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30
Q

what is lignusitic unity?

A

similar language

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31
Q

what is the flow for Iceland achieving cultra unity?

McDonalds

A
  • achieved cultral unity due to physical location
  • cold climate affects agricultre
  • abundence of fish
  • import of fresh food was difficult
  • failure of McDonalds due to people not wanting fast food
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32
Q

what is the flow for iceland achieving lingusitic unity?

A
  • achieved linguistic unity due to physical isolation
  • 750 miles from Scotland

strong culture so language was developed

  • 98% fluent in English for tourism
  • makes it difficult to learn
  • may act a barrier to migrants so makes culture stronger
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33
Q

what is the flow for Singapore achieving cultral unity?

A
  • embracing diversity as part of it’s culture
  • physical location means it has links to trading

one of the largest ports

  • attracted economic migrants - 40% of the population
  • 1964 race riots due to government not uniting the cultures

have a day to celebrate

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34
Q

what is the flow of Singapore achieving lingusitic unity?

A
  • development of a shared language
  • Singlish is a combination of English and Chinese
  • encourages cultural unitygovernment use English to speak so try to make people speak it
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35
Q

what are the 2 types of boarders?

A

ones created by physical objects such as mountins

ones created by wars and civil conflicts

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36
Q

what are the 3 main obsticles for PHYSICAL boarders?

A

1 - mountains

2 - seas and oceans

3 - rivers

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37
Q

how are mountains affecting migration?

A

difficult to cross in winter

heavy snowfall meaninbg decreased oxygen

sepcialist equipment needed

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38
Q

how are oceans affecting migration?

A

strong currents and increased use of boats

dangerous to cross

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39
Q

how are rivers affecting migration?

A

high dishcharge in winter

dangerous to cross

safest route is a bridge

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40
Q

what is the case study for post colonial boarders?

A

Rwanda genocide

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41
Q

what is the flow of post colonial control in Rwanda?

A
  • Belgium took control of Rwanda post ww12 - Hutus (85) and Tutsies (14.1%) and Belgium sided with the Tutsies3- national and ethnic cards were produced- riots made when belgium left tutsies in charge5 - resentment grew with the Hutus6 - the government lost legitimiacy7 - president killed and started the genocide
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42
Q

what are the 2 case studies for contested boarders?

A

Crimea and Taiwan

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43
Q

how was nationalism achieved in the 19th century

A

through empire building

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44
Q

how did the British Empire rise to superpower status?

A

1 - used superior naval forces to take control

2 - forced culture along the population eg, sports,, education

3 - gained independene

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45
Q

what are the 4 main reasons for the decline in empires?

A

1 - high cost of war

2 - growing resistance to colonial rule

3 - young Europeans protesting

4 - shifting economic sector balence -> moving away from manufacturing

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46
Q

how is a power vacuum created in an empire?

A

empires were dismantled faster than they were being built.

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47
Q

what happens after a power vacuum has been created in a country?

A

the army take control of the country

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48
Q

what are the 3 costs in relation to the DRC?

A

economic

environmental

social

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49
Q

what is the flow for economic costs with the DRC? mobutu

A

-resource curse so prone to exploitation

  • Mobutu established on exploitation of resources
  • made it difficult for TNC investment
  • little advancement
  • corrupt government
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50
Q

what is the environmental costs with the DRC?

A
  • subsequent internal conflict
  • UN had to bring peacekeepers
  • led to establishment of refugee camps
  • 18,000 peacekeepers sent
  • building of shelter made deforestation increase
  • habitat loss
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51
Q

what is the social cost of the DRC?

A

political instability since decolonisation

  • led to questioning of legitimacy
  • regime challenge to Mobutu resulted in a 6 nation war
  • 5 billion deaths and main reason as to why the HDI score is so low
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52
Q

what is the case study for post colonial conflict? Vietnam

A
  • Vietnam taken over by Japan
  • split into 2 (north = communist) south = capitalsit
  • during cold war soviet military backed a campaign to capture the south of Vietnam
  • 1964 South Vietnam was on the brink of a defeat so US assisted
  • 1970 -> US withdrew after loss
  • Vietnam became a socialist republic
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53
Q

what are the 3 flows for Vietnam with conflict between the north and south?

A

social

environmental

economic

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54
Q

what is the social flow for Vietnam?

A

4 million wee killed in the war

50% were innocent citizens

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55
Q

what is the environmental flow for Vietnam?

A

agent orange and herbicide defoliant was used to remove the natural cover

  • deforestation and contamination decreased the biodiversity
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56
Q

how much did the war in Vietnam cost?

A

$950 million

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57
Q

what are the 2 flows for how colonialism has impacted post-colonial patterns of migration?

A

language

education

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58
Q

how has language assimilated itself into Vietnam after the war?

A
  • was forced into English being the language
  • provided opportunity to residents of Caribbean countries to fill labour gaps
  • increase confidence to migrate
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59
Q

how has education been assimilated itself into Vietnam after the war?

A
  • students were taught the English curriculum
  • doctors travelled to the former colonies such as India and Pakistan
  • medical schools used the same textbooks as in these countries
  • increased confidence to migrate
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60
Q

how have developments in communication technology allowed for the development of tax havens?

A
  • fibre optic cables allow for data to be transferred
  • increased speed and volume of flows of capital to tax havens
  • led to eco development within tax havens and growth ofi services
61
Q

how have developments in transport technology allowed for the development of tax havens?

A
  • jet aircraft led to a shrinking world
  • more of the world is accessible such as British Virgin Islands
  • easier for people to migrate to tax havens to help grow financially
  • increase populations and creates a +ve multiplier
62
Q

how has the global shift of services and manufacturing allowed for the development of tax havens?

A
  • increased profits for TNCs will want to keep as much as possible
  • allows them to reinvest and keep shareholders happy
  • run profits through tax havens to help reduce coorporatin tax liability
  • tax havens grow and leads to growth of the CEOs and grant residency in the Tax Havens
63
Q

how can the globalisation of culture allow for the development of tax havens?

A
  • spread of western ideas of capitalism
  • facilitates growth of tax havens
  • rates of tax become competitive when trying to encourage FDI
  • Ireland -> 12% and attracted investment from TNCS -> Starbucks
64
Q

what are the 3 main areas that tax havens with benefit? groups

A

1 - high network people

2 - residents of tax haves

3 - large businesses

65
Q

how do tax havens benefit hight network people?

A
  • can decrease income tax by living in another country
  • increased disposable income
  • reinvest in assets that will grow
  • increased spends on goods and services = TRICKLE DOWN
66
Q

how do tax havens benefit residents of tax havens?

A
  • job creation related to different sectors due to large capital movements
  • British Virgin Islands hold 5,000 its net worth in foreign investments
  • increase employment and creates +ve multiplier effect
67
Q

how can tax havens benefit large businesses?

A
  • run profits through a tax haven
  • increase amount of profit
  • reinvest in research and tech
  • increase quality of the product
  • increase sales and profits
  • increased reinvestment
  • increased efficiency and production eg Amazon
68
Q

what are the 2 costs of tax havens? groups

A

governments of non-tax havens

small and medium businesses

69
Q

how do tax havens cause a cost on governments of non-tax havens? Kenya

A
  • suffer from capital flight as TNCs are locating there
  • $89 billion a year is lost from Kenya = 30% tax
  • governent revenues from the tax promote socio-economic development such as education
  • requires loans from WB and so have to open to FDI
  • DEPENDENCY THEORY -> underdevelopment
70
Q

how do tax havens cause a cost to small and medium businesses?

A

out competed by larger firms due to quality and cost

  • don’t have profit to engage in tax avoidance in tax havens
  • pay more in tax and so limits the use of reinvestment
  • TNCs will lobby governments
  • TNCs take control of weaker environmental legislation
  • use TNCS in SAPS
  • use extraction to create habitat loss
71
Q

what are the 4 main reasons as to why TNCs may not move to a tax haven?

A

1 - large scale manufacturing company

2 - concerned about reputational damage

3 - need a high skill workforce

4 - firm needs to transfer pricing

72
Q

why might a TNC not locate to a tax haven? - large scale manufacturing companies

A
  • tax havens hold small populations eg-> British Virgin Islands 31,000
  • smaller labour pool of workers to work for low cost
  • smaller market
  • involves transportation cost that will decrease profits
73
Q

why might a TNC not locate to a tax haven? - concerned about reputational damage

A
  • may decrease sales and profits such as Starbucks paid £0 in tax and had £380 million in sales
  • led to protests outside stores in big cities
  • contained images of consequences of avoidance of tax
  • led to decreased sales on those days
74
Q

why might a TNC not locate to a tax haven? - firm requires a high skilled workforce

A
  • can often obnly be accessed in a high tax country
  • UK -> 26% tax and the avergae years of schooling is 17
  • better qualified and more productive
75
Q

why might a TNC not locate to a tax haven? - if a firm uses transfer pricing

A
  • no need to relocate due to opening of stores in high and low tax locations
  • fiancial exchange will occur BETWEEN THE STORES
  • decrease profit in high tax
  • overall pays less in tax
76
Q

What is the IGO of OECO?

A

Maintains a black list of countries operating as tax havens as a warning to TNCS

77
Q

What is the IGO of The world economic forum?

A

Creates a global 25% rather of cooperation tax

78
Q

How has the UN grown in importance? Growth in membership? 1945, 1960s

A
  • created in 1945 with 51 member states
  • grew to 193 during 1960s
  • aims to prevent war, protect rights
79
Q

How is the Un growing in importance since 1945? Growing number of agencies within and those that act on behalf of the UN

A
  • increased scale of objectives
  • currently specialised agencies impacting in the UNs behalf
80
Q

What is an example of a part of the UN?

A

WHO - headquarters in Switzerland
- deals with sanitation and health
- covid 19 was dealt with the

81
Q

How is the UN increasing in importance since 1945? Growing number of convections

A
  • universal declaration of human rights in 1948
  • led to establishment of human rights council
  • form organisation such as Geneva convention
82
Q

How has the UN responding to global conflicts? Approves economic sanctions

A
  • member states agree to restrict trade on cultural events
  • bring a change in foreign policy
  • UNSC resolution against Iran in 2006 in response to use of nuclear weapons
  • some sanctions are to be used with the approval of UNSC
83
Q

What is the case study for the UN resolving conflicts in relation to sanctions?

A

UNSC against Iran in 2006 due to use of nuclear weapons

84
Q

How has the UN responding to global conflicts? Sending troops to conflict zones

A
  • known as peacekeepers
  • made up of armed forces and member states
  • they prevent conflict and enforce peace
85
Q

What is 1 example of peacekeepers being sent by the UN

A

1999 peacekeepers sent to the DRC costing £10 billion

86
Q

How does the UN act to global conflicts and issues? UN is limited in the ability to intervene? vetoes a decision

A
  • perminant members if the UNSC vetoes a decision
  • member states take a uni-lateral interview
  • if action is taken they are powerless
  • UK AND US intervention in Afghanistan in 2001
87
Q

What is the aim of Breton woods as an IGO?

A
  • avoid protectionism of the 1930s
  • viewed as harmful to world trade
  • widespread unemployment
88
Q

World bank increasing trade

A
  • founded in 1944
  • loans for poverty reduction and economic development
  • PHILLIPINED 2014 with $470 milllion loan
  • to improve farm to market roads led to 5% increase in incomes
89
Q

When was the world trade founded?

A

1944

90
Q

IMF increasing trade?

A
  • lend money in times of crisis
  • GHANA 2015 $918 million loan
  • high interest loans
  • increase eco growth from 22% in 2015 to 88% in 2019
    Gives more job opportunities
91
Q

World trade organisation increasing trade

A
  • promote free trade
  • DOHA ROUND 2001 whih. Reduce use of agricultural subsidies
  • give developing countries an advantage in lower cost markets to help them develop
92
Q

USA increasing influence over Bretton woods

A
  • influence over world bank
  • all presidents have been Americans and HQ in Washington
  • free markers have been called Washington concensus
  • use influence to gain support for economic policies
  • forces countries to make alternative economic models
93
Q

WTO increasing trade by TNC takeover

A
  • removal of protectant measures
  • -be for infant industries who don’t have the resources of TNCS
  • can be outcompeted by TNC
  • TNCS becoming only option
94
Q

Failure of WTO with trade blocs.

A
  • enlarged markets can create economies of scale
  • countries discover they have compulsory advantage as firms emerge
  • common external tariff oritects firms from overseas imorts
95
Q

How many trade blocs are in existence?

A

30

96
Q

USMCA

A

Free trade bloc encouraging free trade between US, Mexico and Canada

97
Q

Mercosur pact

A

Customs union with a common external tarrif

98
Q

what was the Montreal protocol of 1987?

A
  • 1960s UNEP called for a response due to ozone depletion
  • cfc’s in fridges and areosols
  • caused an increase in UV rays
  • signed in 1987
  • stopped producing cfc’s
99
Q

what was the climate change agreement?

A
  • 1993 first rasied an issue
  • Kyoto Protocol 1997
  • new international agreement in 2015
  • reduce carbon emmissions and keep avg temp 1.5* above pre-industrial levels
100
Q

why was the 2015 paris agreement a failure?

A

rich governments are based on carbon
- did not meet targets and so would not pay poor countries and compensation

101
Q

what was the convention on interational trade in endangered species of wild flora and favna (CITES) 1975

A
  • set in 1975
  • banned trade in threatned species and their products
  • adapted by 183 countries
  • led to recovery of Hawaiian birds
102
Q

how has the rising wealth of china and indoeasia allowing for failures in relation to the enviroment?

A
  • increase trade in illegal substances such as rhino horn
  • needs a cultral shift away from these products
  • focus on species not ecosystems and deforestation is not always reduced
103
Q

what is the millennium ecosystem assessment? ecosystem

A
  • international collaberation helped popularise ecosystem services approach
  • financial value is calculated for threatned biomes
  • ecosystem services fit well with capatalist values
104
Q

what are the 3 roles of the UNCLOS? (UN convention on law of the sea

A

1 - protection of marine biodiversity
2 - regulates global shipping flows
3 - protect the rights of landlocked countries

105
Q

how can UNCLOS protect marine biodiversity? 1910-79 and 1982

A
  • requires 167 signitures to follow the Whaling commission
  • 1910-79 there were 2.4 mill kiilled
  • 1982 IWC issued ban on commerical whale hunting under CITES
  • whale numbers increased
  • not all states agreed
106
Q

what is UNCLOS?

A
  • defines boundries of coastal zones for countries
  • area extends 200 natuical miles into the ocean into an exclusive economic zone
107
Q

how does UNCLOS regulate global shipping flows?

A
  • 90% of global trade involves sea travel
  • ships cause pollution so expected to follow rules
  • allowed retirerment of oil tankers making it illegal to clean out tanks with sea water
108
Q

how does UNCLOS protect the rights of landlocked states?

A
  • 42 states have no coast
  • landlocked states have access to the ocean
  • without taxation allows them to move
  • N oversaw the cliam to Bolivia to Chile
109
Q

what is the Helsinki water convention in 1992?

A
  • guidleines on use of rivers and groundwater on crossing of national boarders
  • prior to Helsinki, assumed water in their states was their to exploit
  • now want a share so people further downstream have good flow
  • rules updated in 2004
110
Q

what is the antartic treaty system?

A
  • to set aside antartica as a scientific preserve
  • established the freedom of scientific investigation
  • treaty started in 1961 and as 63 parties
  • mining was banned and seals
111
Q

what are the 3 factors influencing nationalism?

A

1 - political parties
2 - sporting events
3 - closed door policies and media aswell as education

112
Q

how has political parties influenced nationalism?

A
  • promote awarness of their view EG UKIP
  • belive membership of EU is a loss os soverignty
  • 2015 general election voters were pressurised into getting a referendum
  • part of UKIP campaign is to increase national pride
113
Q

how has sporting events influenced nationalism?

A
  • olympics generated a desire for the success of a nation
  • LONDON 2012
  • medals and flags with national anthem
  • increased national pride aswell as the opening ceremony such as queen and the NHS
114
Q

how has sporting events influenced nationalism?

A
  • olympics generated a desire for the success of a nation
  • LONDON 2012
  • medals and flags with national anthem
  • increased national pride aswell as the opening ceremony such as queen and the NHS
115
Q

how has closed door policies, global media and education infleunced nationalism?

A
  • specification for certain subjects aims to include content that has national pride
  • WW1 and WW2 used Britain’s role as a leader of allied forces and schools attended remeberence day papades
116
Q

how does the USA tie national identity to distinctive legal systems?

A
  • provides written constitution with high levels of clarity detailing the rights of people
  • ARTICLE 2 - citizens enjoy freedoms and protect the rights and freedoms
  • consolidate the rights in the national anthem
117
Q

how does national identity tie to methods of governance? DEMOCRACY

A
  • governing party is elected by the population
  • makes governing party accountable to the population
  • becomes part of policies that become the idenity -> EUQLAITY ACT
118
Q

what are the 2 types of government styles?

A

1 - democracy
2 - dictatorship

119
Q

how does national identity tie to methods of governance? DICTATORSHIP

A
  • don’t have a say in leadership and present a strong military image RUSSIA
  • act in ways to promote ideas such as the invasion of the Crimea
  • solidifies their identity as a military superpower
  • further used with propoganda
120
Q

What are the 3 ways of national idenity being tied to national character?

A

1 - monarchy
2 - food and drink
3 - currency and stamps

121
Q

how does the monarchy help national identity be tied to national character?

A
  • recognisable symble of porud part of Britain
  • becomes part of national pride
  • shown in big events
  • ROYAL WEDDINGS
  • Harry and Meghan’s wedding with 1.9 billion people watched it
122
Q

how many people tuned into Harry and Meghan’s wedding?

A

1.9 billion people

123
Q

how does food and drink help national identity to be tied to national character?

A
  • iconic dishes can become part of the character
  • ENGLISH BREAKFAST AND FISH AND CHIPS
  • projected across the boarders such as Meditterainian countries have established English dishes
124
Q

how does currency and stamps help national idendity to be tied to national character?

A
  • part of the national symbolism
  • £ is a symbol of stability
  • UK CURRENCY HAS IMAGE OF MONARCH
  • coins can show images of pride OLYMPICS AND PETER RABBIT
125
Q

how can national identity tie to landscapes?

A

BRITISH COUNTRYSIDE
- strong association in Englnad
- UK ESTABLISHED LAKE DISTRICT and gave areas access and protect them

126
Q

what are the 3 ways that TNC’s are becoming a threat to national idenity?

A

1 - TNC ownership of national companies
2 - TNC’s cause westernisation
3 - TNCs cause changes in language

127
Q

how can TNC ownership of national companies create a threat to nayional identity?

A
  • traditonal brands -> UK CADBURY
  • many companies have brands liked with british values -> JAGUAR LANDROVER owned by TATA which use the slogan made in Britain by 50% of components are pproduced in another country and then are shipped to the UK
  • by being part of an Indian owned means decisions were made in India
128
Q

what is the case study for TNC ownership of national companies creating a threat of national idenity?

A

JAGUAR LANDROVER by TATA
50% of components are pproduced in another country and then are shipped to the UK
- by being part of an Indian owned means decisions were made in India

129
Q

how can TNCs causing westernisation lead to a threat of national identity?

A
  • spread of Western culture
  • when a TNC outsources the workforce are exposed by it’s products
  • desire these products and leads to a change in culture
  • makke money and consume
130
Q

what is the case study for TNC’s casuing westernisation threatning national idenity?

A

APPLE IN THE US
- aiming to promote change in culutre from repair to replace
- use planned obselesence such as BATTERY LIFE AND SOFTWARE UPDATES
- products are used in culture

131
Q

how can TNC’s take national idenity into account when they are designng their products?

A
  • MCDONALDS OPERATING IN 100+ COUNTRIES
  • use GLOCALISATION -> INDIA have veggis which consider a cow a sacred meat so created the spicy Paneer burger
132
Q

how can TNC’s cause chnages in language lead to a thret of national identity?

A
  • language is one of the largest parts of national idenity
  • global media companies produce songs in English
  • consumed by global audience and absorb the english lang
  • people will adopt the cultral traits that facilite the growth of their socio-econnomic status
133
Q

what are te 3 consequences of foreign ownership in the UK?

A

1 - economic impact - increase in tax avoidence
2 - economic impact - increase repatriated profits
3 - social impact - impact on community coheision

134
Q

how can foreign ownership in the UK lead to an increase in tax avoidence/

A
  • TNCs engage in transfer pricing as TNCs are footloose and operate in multiple countries
  • report low profits in high tax countries to decrease cooperation tax liability
  • this will decrease revenue for nat gov and decrease spend on public servcies
    EG- UK with 25% of tax
135
Q

how can foreign ownership in the UK lead to an increase in repatriated profit?

A
  • dividens are paid to foreign shareholders
  • profits are no longer in the UK and money is spent elseware
  • decreased trickle down and less re-investment
136
Q

how can foreign ownership in the UK lead to an impact of community cohesion?

A
  • large amounts of proporty is owned by foreign investors
  • 50% OF LONDON IS OWNED BY RUSSIAN INVESTORS
  • invest in proporty for capital gain
  • proporties are left vacant and decrease avaliabity of proporty
  • decrease in supply and increased demand due to investment portential#
  • can lead to displacement of local population
137
Q

what are the 3 consequences of political and cutrla disunity within nations?

A

1 - emergence of strong nationalist groups
2 - another consequence can be civil unrest in protesting
3 - increased child mortality

138
Q

how can the emergence of strong nationalist groups be a consequence of political and cultral diksunity? Scotland

A
  • promotion of intrests of a particular nation with the aim of increasing soverignty
  • SCOTLAND with very little support for English conservatives
  • 2019 general election had 48/59 seats won by the national party
  • resulted in policital tensions
  • made worse by Brexit vote and want to gain independence
139
Q

how can civil unrest in the form of protest be a consequence of political and cultral disunity? Brazil

A
  • can be caused by uneven pattern of costs and benfeits of globalisation
  • BRAZIL and the gini-coefficient to measure development showing high wealth
  • BRAZIL HOSTED THE WORLD CUP IN 2014
  • people belive that money should be spent on the poor
  • 7 million protested
140
Q

what is the case study for civil unrest in the form of protest be a consequence of politial and cultral disunity?

A

BRAZIL - hosted 1024 world cup
- 7 million protested about money being spent on stadiums not on the poor

141
Q

how can an increase in child mortality be a consequence of political and cultral disunity?

A
  • often a consequence of failed states
  • located in developing areas
  • SOMALIA by colonial boarders which led to a power vaccum
  • 1991 military regime was overthrown leading to disunity
  • 2000 attempted to form a government
  • no control over the government
  • child mortality was high
142
Q

what is the case study for an increase in child mortality due to political and social disunity?

A

SOMALIA with colonial boarders
- 1991 military regime was overthrown leading to disunity
- 2000 attempted to form a government
- no control over the government
- child mortality was high

143
Q

what are the 3 reasons for soverign states varying in order of levels of political unity?

A

1 - political reasons
2 - economic reasons
3 - both

144
Q

why might there be internal conflict in China?

A

gov and reigon of Hong Kong with protests taking place

145
Q

why might there be internal conflicgt in India?

A

religous differences between Hindu and Muslim

146
Q

what are the 2 causes for weak national identity?

A

1 - quality and type of governance
2 - divisons between ethnic groups

147
Q

how can quality and type of governance cause for weak identity?

A
  • results in divisons in pop
  • developing nations may have governing officials who operate closly with local elites and cooperations
  • rank highly on the glolbal corruption index
148
Q

how can the divisions between ethnic groups cause for weak idenityty?

A
  • legacy of colonisalism - SKYKES-PICO LINE
  • SYRIA divided with 65% Sunni and 12% Allowis
  • patrognage and corruption by regime meant other ethnic groups were unrepresented
  • decreased legitimacy of governments
  • results in conflict between groups
  • decreases nat idenityt

Geography (8 decks)

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