Carbon Cycle Flashcards
(246 cards)
1
Q
when carbon moves directly from the atmosphere to surface ocean?
A
diffusion / direct gaseous exchange
2
Q
what is the rate of carbon from the atmsohere to the surface ocean?
A
92 PgC/year
3
Q
from the surface ocean back to the atmosphere flux rate is what?
A
90 PgC/year
4
Q
when carbon is sequestered by phytoplankton, this is known as?
A
photosynthesis
5
Q
carbon sequestration by phytoplankton accounts for what % of carbon sequestered from the atmopshere?
A
50%
6
Q
when carbon is re-released into the atmosphere by marine biota the flux is known as?
A
respiration
7
Q
how many more times larger are the oceans than the atmopshere as a carbon store?
A
50x
8
Q
dissolved carbon dioxide is moved from the surface to the deep ocean via what process?
A
downwelling
9
Q
carbon can be held in the surface ocean as what gas?
A
CO2
10
Q
what are the 3 names of the ocean pumps?
A
1 - physical
2 - biological
3 - carbonate
11
Q
the physical pump os also known as?
A
thermohaline ciruclation
12
Q
how many PgC reach the ocean floor to become surface sediment?
A
0.2
13
Q
the surface sediment over time undergoes the process of what?
A
sedimentation
14
Q
the surface sediment is then transformed into what?
A
sedimentary / calcium rock
15
Q
carbon can be removed from the terrestrial lithospere and makes its way to the oceans again via what flux?
A
weathering (chemical and mechanical)
16
Q
what is the flux rate of weathering process in PgC/year
A
50
17
Q
anthropogenic activity can release carbon from the lithosphere premeaturley via what process?
A
combustion
18
Q
the flux of combustion happens at how many PgC/year
A
35
19
Q
carbon can naturally return to the atmosphere from the lithosphere via what flux?
A
volcanic outgassing
20
Q
what is the rate of volcanic outgassing?
A
0.15 PgC
21
Q
why is volcanic outgassing needed to maintian what?
A
natural greenhouse effect
22
Q
vegitation in the terrestrial biosphere sequesters carbon via the flux of what?
A
photosynthesis
23
Q
what is the flux of photosynthesis per year?
A
123 PgC/year
24
Q
at night, vegitation will release CO2 via what flux?
A
respiration
25
with reference to vegitation, what is the difference in the rate of the fluxes which sequester and release carbon?
1000
26
carbon moves from vegitation to the soil sotre by what process?
decomposition
27
what is the flux of decomposition?
50 PgC/year
28
decomposition is carried out byfunghi and detritivores. this means carbon can released by what process?
respiration
29
the lithosphere stores carbon as 2 things what are they?
1 - sedimantry rock
2 - calcium carbonate
30
how many PgC does the lithopshere hold?
100,000,000 (1 million)
31
how mang PgC are held as fossil feuls?
4,000
32
how many PgC are held as surface sedimentt at the bottom of the oceans?
1,750
33
the oceans hold how many PgC?
39,000 PgC
34
the terrestrial biosphere holds around how many PgC?
3,500
35
soild hold around how many PgC?
600
36
the atmosphere holds around how many PgC?
750
37
what % of the atmopshere is carbon dioxide?
0.04%
38
marine biota hold how many PgC?
3
39
phytoplankton hold what % of global biomass?
50%
40
what is the atmosphere to hydrosphere interaction?
fast biolgical cycle
41
what is the atmosphere to hydrosphere interaction?
fast biolgical cycle
42
what happens in the fast geological cycle (atmosphere to hydrosphere)? 3
- diffusion happens to the oceans
- carbon moves into phytoplankton by photosynthesis
- transferred to marine mammels to the atmosphere by respiration
43
what is the interaction between the hydrosphere and the lithosphere?
fast biological to slow geological
44
what happens in the hydrosphere into the lithosphere (fast biological to slow geological)?
- moves into the surface oceans as dissolved co2
- moves to deep ocean by downwelling
- moves to the ocean floor as surface sediment
- undergoes sedimentation and is turned into calcium carbonate or fossil fuels
- moves from lithosphere to hydrosphere by chemical weathering
45
what happens in the hydrosphere into the lithosphere (fast biological to slow geological)?
- moves into the surface oceans as dissolved co2
- moves to deep ocean by downwelling
- moves to the ocean floor as surface sediment
- undergoes sedimentation and is turned into calcium carbonate or fossil fuels
- moves from lithosphere to hydrosphere by chemical weathering
46
what is the interaction between the lithosphere and atmosphere?
slow geological to fast biological
47
what happens between the lithosphere and atmosphere (slow geological to fast biological)?
- moves through combustion
- can cause from volcanic outgassing and being released as carbon dioxide
48
what is the interaction between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere?
fast biological
49
what happens between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere (fast biological)?
- vegetation sequesters via photosynthesis and is released via respiration at night time
- move from soil store from the vegetation store by decomposition
- funghi and detritovores break it down and release back into the atmosphere by respiration
50
what is the formation of limestone?
- formed from shell fragments of marine organisms
- animals die and the fragments precipitate down
- lithified to form limestone
51
what is the formation of shale?
- organic material precipitates to the ocean floor
- material is embedded in mud layer
- exposed to heat and pressure and lithified
52
what is the formation of fossil feuls?
- organic matter precipitates onto ocean floor
- covered by mud
- material decays anaerobically
- if material is added faster than it decays it becomes a fossil fuel
53
what is oil and gas made from?
marine plants and animals
54
what is coal made from?
dead plants on land
55
how does carbon move through the water to the land and into the ocean and into the lithsophere?
- water mixes with co2 to form carbonic acid
- acid comes into contact with calcium cabronate by chemical weathering
- surface runoff caries carbonate into the ocean
- sinks to ocean floor becoming sedimentary rock
- convection currents force it into the volcanic outgassing
56
what is the negative feedback mechanism for the geological cycle?
- increase in volcanic activity -> increase volcanic outgassing -> increased levels of co2 in the air -> decreased diffusion and respiration -> increase in convectional rainfall
-> increase in chemical weathering
57
what do the ocean pumps do?
drive the flux of carbon from the surface ocean to the deep oceans and from the deep ocean to the surface ocean.
58
how many PgC are absorbed by the oceans?
92
59
how many PgC are released by the oceans?
90
60
what do the ocean pumps maintian?
diffusion gradient between the atmosphere and the surface ocean store
61
biological pump
- flux between polar and tropics
- phytoplankton in the photic zone use sunlight to convent co2 into carbohydrate by photosynthesis
- carbon enters marine biota as the phytoplankton are eaten by the zooplankton which store carbon in their bodies
- carbon goes from downwelling in deep ocean to surface ocean by upwelling
- marine biota precipitates to ocean floor
- compressed into rock where it lasts for 100 million years
62
carbonate pump
- carbon is held in coral generated from calcium ions of acid rain
- shellfish use these to make their shells
- die and precipitate to the ocean floor
- turns into sedimentary rock
- turns into limestone
63
physical pump - salty water sinking
- decreasing temp and increased salinity -> more dense so is cooler
- increasing temp and decreased salinity -> less dense so is warmer
- cooler water at polar region forms as sea ice which stores fresh water
- increases salinity at poles so ice sinks to deep ocean
- thermohaline circulation and combustion pulls warmer water from tropics towards poles
- deep currents flow to surface ocean where it is realised back into atmosphere
64
what are the 2 impacts of a carbon imbalance on the oceans?
- ocean acidification
- threats to ocean health and impacts on humans
65
what is ocean acidification?
decreasing ocean pH of the ocean over an extended period of time
66
what % of carbon do soils store?
20-30%
67
what are the 2 types of carbon in soils?
organic
inorganic
68
how is caron stored in soils?
dead biomass
69
what % of carbon is in humus?
60%
70
what is the longest store that carbon can be stored in soils?
pyrogenic carbonatious carbon
71
what are inputs into the soil store?
plants, animals and residues
72
what are outputs of the soil store?
decomposition and consumption
73
what does carbon give soil?
water retention capacity and structure and capacity
74
what does nutrient and carbon cycling varies on?
biome and climate
75
what is the soil and carbon balence?
if plant residue is added to the soil at a faster rate than soil organisms convert it to co2 - the carbon will be gradually removed from the atmosphere
76
what biome has the largest soil carbon store?
tundra
77
why is the carbon soil store so low at the equator?
high precipitation washes away nutrients
78
what are the 3 types of wetlands?
marshes
peat bogs
mangroves
79
what is the role of a marsh in the carbon cycle? 7
- waterlogged permanently
- soils are anerobic (low co2)
- oxygen diffuses through water
- decomposition is slow
- carbon in dead plants remains intact
- rather than being broken down by microbes and returned by respiration
- drought makes wetlands a carbon source
80
what is the role of peat bogs in the carbon cycle?
- 60% of wetlands are peat based
- dead organic matter is added to soils in waterlogged conditions
- occurs faster than the rate it decays as decomposition is anaerobic
81
what is anaerobic respiration?
lack co2 to repsire
82
what is the role of mangroves in the carbon cycle?
- blue carbon with carbon stored in coastal salt marshes
- grow in saline waters between 25 n and 25 s
- if 2% of the mangroves are lost, carbon will be released at 50x the sequestrion rate
- sequester into branches and roots and then soils
83
how many more x is carbon stored in mangroves compared to tropical rainforests?
5x
84
how many billion of tonnes does the Scottish peatland store and how many years worth of emissions?
1.7 billion ad 140 years of emissions
85
what is permaforst?
permantly frozen layer on the Earth's surface. it is soil, gravel and sand that under 0 degrees
86
how many years worth does permaforst release of oil, coal and natural gas emissions?
4 to 6 years
87
what is the positive feedback mechanism of permafrost?
- increased thawing
- increased decomposition
- increased co2 released
- increased CH4 release in soil
- increased EHGHE
- increased global warming
88
what is the negative feedback mechanism for global warming?
- increased thawing
- increased decomposition by microbes
- increased nutrients as rain water avalibility decreases
- increased precipitation
- increased carbon sequestration
89
what are the 2 ways to manage soils?
draining of wetlands and burning of peatlands
90
how many % of the worlds wetlands have been lost over the past 300 years?
87%
91
how does the draining of wetlands increase co2 emission?
- led to expsoure of biomass to increase decomposition
- becomes a carbon store
- 30% of global methane emissions are from weltands
- will increase with climate change
92
how does the burning of peatlands increase carbon emissions?
- can take 1,000 years to form 1m of peat
- burning releases carbon rapidly
- Scotland peatland working to restore peatland areas
93
how many PgC does vegitation hold?
600
94
how many PgC does rainforests and wilfires occur at?
119
95
when does respiration happen?
at nightime
96
what does photosynthesis occur by?
location
97
when does photosynethesis occur the fast on?
day or night
summer or winter
high or low tree density
broad leaf species or thin leaf species
day - more sunlight
summer - more sunlight
high tree density - more photosythesis
broad leaf species as they have greater surface area
98
what is net primary productivity?
the rate at which energy is stored as biomass by plants or other primary producers
99
where has a high npp?
the equator due to the high levels of sunlight and percipitation
100
where has a low npp?
the tropics and the poles
101
what are 3 main reasons as to why deforestation occurs?
- growing demand for food, feul and other reasources
102
why is the growing demand for food casuing deforestation? 3
- growth of population
- growth of global middle class increasing meat consumption
- leads to deforestation for cattle farming
103
why is the growing demand for feul causing deforestation?
- increasing industrialisation in NEEs
- feuls manufacturing process increases
- important for economic growth and urbanisation
104
why is the growing demand for other reaosurces such as minerals causing deforestation?
- used in manufacturing of high tech goods
- demand for goods is growing due to the global middle class
105
what is afforestation?
planting iof trees in areas that havent recently had tree cover to create a forest
106
what 2 areas have used afforestation?
china and africa
107
what are 5 goals that afforestation can do?
1 - decrease flooding
2 - decrease atmospheric co2
3 - increase atmospheric oxugen
4 - increase biodiversity
5 - increase soil nutrients
6 - avoid desertification
108
Afforestation : china
- 1990-2020 increased 0.63 billion km2 of forest cover
- aim to increase coverage to 43% by 2050
109
afforestation : africa
- ran the great green project to combat desertification
- aim to plant 100 million ha by 2030
110
what are 4 positives of afforestation?
gigatonnes
top soil
shelter
money increasing
1 - could remove 191 gigatonned of carbon by 2100
2 - improve top soil as it is 3x the size of carbon store
3 - provides a shelter belt for farmland and crops
4 - for every $1 on forest restoration -> 9$ worth of benefits are released
111
what are 2 negatives of afforestation?
1- monocultures are used and so spread disease
2 - it can impact local water cycles
112
what % of rainfall within the Amazon basin consists of water that evaporates rainforests?
30-70%
113
what causes the dry season in the Amazon rainforest?
the ITCZ moving north
114
what type of rainfall are aeral rivers responsible for?
orographic rainfall
115
what is the case study for increased wild fires?
AMAZON DROUGHT 2016
- caused by el nino year and caused death of 2.5 billion trees in the Lower Tapjos river basin
- number of wild fires increased by 36% compared to 12 years prior
- turned into carbon source not sink
- generated 495 million tonnes of co2 in 3 years
116
what is the negative feedback mechanism of wildfires?
- can increase co2 and nutrients in the air
- causes phytoplankton bloom in oceans
117
fwhat are the 2 types of grasslands?
- temperate and tropical
118
why are grasslands being exploited?
for agriculture
119
how many million ha of grasslands have been converted for crops?
1.7 million
120
what is the flow for the conversion of grasslands?
- grasslands have been converted for agriculture
- leads to loss of co2 and moisture from top soils
- avoiding conversions of grasslands could prevent the release of 35 million tonnes of co2
- grass and shrubs pull co2 out and into the plants
- soil becomes unhealthy due to an increase of worms, microbes and funghi which help to fight of disease
121
what is the impact of the converstion of grasslands on humans?
can reduce tourism
- SAVANNA GRASSIA
122
what is the impact of the converstion of grasslands on humans?
can reduce tourism
- SAVANNA GRASSIA are home to the big 5 animals
- creates $2.5 billion towards GDP
123
how can forest loss cause forest stress?
decreased evapotranspiration -> decreased biotic pumping -> decreased convectional rainfall -> meteorological drought -> FOREST STRESS
124
how can forest loss cause for a decreased recharge of aquifers?
decreased interception -> increased direct rainfall -> increased soil compaction -> decreased infiltration and percolation -> decreased recharge of aquifers
125
how can forest loss cause an increase in flooding?
decreased interception -> increased soil compaction -> decreased infiltration and percolation -> increased overland flow -> increased water flow to channels and basin -> FLOOD
126
how many people rely on primary forests?
1.6 billion people
127
how many miles2 were removed in the Amazon forest for ranching and biofeuls?
2,400 miles2
128
what are the 3 main forest loss impacts on humans?
1 - increased food insecurity in indigenous populations
2 - increased exposure to disease - MALARIA
3 - increased exposure to disease - ZOONOTIC DISEASES
129
how can forest loss lead to increased food insecurity in indigenous populations?
- bush meats are an important food source such as bat, monkey, rat and snake
- main source of protein for inland forest communities
- important where livestock farming is not avaliable
- with decreased amino acids and malnutrition and decreased immunity to diease
130
how can forest loss lead to increased exposure to Malaria?
- deforestation means the ground is less shaded
- increased exposure to sunlgiht means soil baking
- soil compaction occurs
- less infultration and an increase in standing water is warmed by radiation
- becomes breeding grounds for mosquitos and Malaria
131
what is the case study for forest loss increasing malaria?
Malaysia - 10% rise in deforestation leads to 33% avergae increase in malaria transmission
- spend $5,000 to treat each new patient
132
how can an increase in forest loss lead to zoonotic diseases?
- 60% of infectious diseases originated in forest dwelling animals eg - ebola
- human encroachment on habitats has caused forced displacement with human populations
- more likley to occur in tropics as there is overall wildlife and pathogen diversity
133
what is energy consumption measured in?
gigajoules in usage per capita
134
what is energy intensity?
measure of how efficiently energy being used. calcualated in units of energy used per unit of GDP
135
what is energy mix?
proportion of each primary energy resource a country uses within a year
136
what are the 7 types of energy?
1 - primary energy
2 - secondary
3 - renewable
4 - non-renewable
5 - recyclable
6 - domestic
7 - foreign
137
what is primary energy?
natural energy that has not been converted into another form of energy eg oil and gas
138
what is secondary energy?
what the primary source has turned into eg electicity
139
what is non-renweable energy?
will eventually run out
140
what is recyclable energy?
nuclear biomass and can be converted into mixed oxides and used again
141
what is domestic energy?
energy produced from resources within the country
142
what is foreign energy?
primary energy resource from another country
143
what are 5 examples of using energy?
1 - transport
2 - lighting
3 - heating / air cooling
4 - communication
5 - maufacturing
144
between 1994 to 2019, how many exajoules were used by people?
360
590
145
what are the 2 case studies for the energy portrait?
france vs usa
146
what is the population of France and the USA?
France = 65 million
USA = 331 million
147
what is the consumption of France and USA
FRANCE 3,690
USA = 6,804
148
what 5 of frances energy mix is carbon feuls?
50%
149
what % of frances energy mix is renewables?
10%
150
what % of frances energy mix is nuclear energy?
41%
151
what % of frances energy is imported?
46%
152
what % of frances energy mix is domestic?
54%
153
what % of the usa energy mix is carbon fuels?
82%
154
what % of the usa's energy mix is renewables?
11%
155
what % of the usa's energy mix is nuclear energy?
8%
156
what % of the usa's energy mix is imported?
15%
157
what % of the usa's energy mix is domestic?
85%
158
who is more energy secure in the short term USA or France?
USA due to being less reliant on imports and have less political influence over pricing
159
who is more energy secure in the long term USA or France?
France due to being less reliant on fossil feuls and have invested into renewable energy
160
what are the 6 factors that can affect energy consumption?
1 - physical availability
2 - technology
3 - cost
4 - economic development
5 - climate
6 - environmental priorities
161
how does physical availability affect energy consumption?
- if energy is easy to access consumption will increase
- if oil is on land or at shallow depths it is easier to extract so will decrease the cost of supply and will increase consumption
162
what 3 case studies are used for physical availability influencing energy consumption?
1 - Iceland with geothermal energy
2 - Saudi Arabia - 268 billion barrels of oil
3 - North sea oil with it being at greater depths so is more expensive to extract
163
how does technology affect energy consumption?
- linked with economic development is needed for:
> fossil feul extraction
> harnessing individuals
> delivery of energy to consumers
- increased tech increases extraction so delivery will increase and will increase the consumption
164
what is the case study for technology influencing energy consumtion?
iceland - with geothermal energy which make up 85% of their energy mix
165
how can cost influence energy consumption?
decrease in cost will encourage consumption as an increase in cost will decrese consumption
- costs can increase due to transportation as the greater the distance and more complex -> the greater the cost
166
what is the case study for cost influencing energy consumption?
War in Ukraine
- disrupted russian gas to europe
- forced eu countries to seek alternative supplies such as from QUATAR
- increased cost
167
how does economic development influence energy consumption?
link between economic dev and energy consumption
- increased energy intensive lifestyle with more white goods
- high incomes > less likley to be sensitive about price changes as it is a small % of the income
168
how can climate affect levels of energy consumption?
- extremes in temperatures can influence consumption
- ICELAND > energy is used for heating
- QUATAR > edge of the Hadley cell and is used for cooling
169
how can environmental properties influence levels of energy consumption
- countries are agreeing to transition away from fossil feuls such as PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT 2015
- investing more in short term renewables which will increase price
- green tech is expensive > 1950s solar power was 10,000x more expensive than coal and gas
170
what are 3 examples of TNCS who were energy players?
shell
BP
exon mobile
Sinopec
171
what are TNCs involved in? 4
1 - exploring
2 - extracting
3 - transporting
4 - refining and producing chemicals
172
how do TNCs gain political influence and retain fossil feuls?
BP - COP 6
BP - 2016 contributed $16 miillion to US election campaigns
COP 26 fossil feul had more representation than any other coutry
173
what is an example of TNCs having influence over developing countries?
Shell in Nigeria
174
where does OPEC operate?
middle east, africa and south america
175
how do OPEC influence oil prices?
restrict supply to increase price and revenue
- controlled 80%+ of oil reserves
- decreased during pandemic by reducing production to reduce supply
176
what are the 4 major UK energy companies?
1 - British Gas
2 - EON
3 - EDF
4 - SSE
177
.
.
178
when was the uk price cap and what was it set to rise for the price of energy in Jan 2023?
1st Jan -> 31st March 2023
set to rise to £4,279 in Jan 2023
179
what are the 4 points for consumers being key players in energy?
1 - use it for transport, indstry and domestic
2 - passive players when it comes to prices
3 - adapt to changing national conditions with pricing
4 - can influence through lobbying
180
what is the role of nat gov in DEVELOPED countires?
- influence energy mnix over demand
- EU signed Paris agreement 2015 to decrease reliance on fossil fuels
181
what is the example of developed national governments being key energy players?
UK increased taxes on diesel
- increased demand and so are looking for a transition to electric vehicles
182
what is the role of nat gov in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
- use oil reserves to force TNCs to work with oil companies to increase tech development
- increases ability to extract oil domestrically
EG - Shell in Nigeria
183
what are the 3 stages of energy from source to consumer?
SUPPLY -> TRANSPORT -> CONSUMPTION
184
in 2019 what were the top 3 consumers of fossil fuels?
china
us
india
185
what are the 3 main fossil fuels?
oil, coal and natural gas
186
what % of coal does china use and produce it'self?
uses 90% of what it produces
187
in 2021 how many tonnes of coal did Indonesia export to chins?
196 million tonnes
188
where does Australia export it's coal to?
china and japan
189
what is energy density of coal?
amount of energy stored within substance based on space per unit volume
190
what is the energy denisty of coal? number
24 mega joules/kg
191
how many barrels of oil do Europe produce in a day?
2,000
192
what are the 4 largest producers of oil?
saudi arabia
russia
north america
alaska
193
what are the top 3 consumers of oil?
usa - 20%
china - 14%
india 4%
194
where is the largest producer of oil?
middle east
195
what is the only fossil feul which can be used in transportation?
oil
196
what % of oil was used in transportation in the us?
67%
197
where is natural gas produced by? 2 countries?
usa - 23%
russia 17%
198
what is the case study for pathways of gas in pipelines/.
Russian Gas to europe
- before 22 invasion of Ukraine as natural gas imports increased by 40%
- makes up 40% of EUs energy mix
- 4 piplines and 3 through Ukraine
- russia would be threatned if Ukraine joing eu or natio
199
what % of natural gas is used in the UK's energy mix?
40%
200
what % of UK gas came from Qatar in 2022?
9%
201
what are the 2 ways in which natural gas to be transported?
- pipelines
- shipping
202
what are the 3 case studies for unconventional fossil feuls?
1 - Canadian tar sands
2 - us shale gas
3 - brazilian deepwater oil
203
what % of oil output is produced by tar sands in Canada?
40%
204
what is the flow for canadian tar sands?
- injected with steam to make tar less viscous
- 2015 global price of oil fell causing -ve impact
- strip land to mine tar sands
205
what is the flow for US shale gas?
- hydraulic fracturing which is pumping water and chemicals into underground to release oil and gas
- used in new york, texas and pennsylvania
- can affect groundwater supplies and pollutes local areas
206
what is the flow for Brazilian deepwater oil?
- started in 2009
-aim of producing 500,000 barrels per day by 2020
- between rio and sau-paulo covered in rigs and led to pollution of local waters
207
what are the 4 major players on unconventional fossil fuel?
1v - exploration companies
2 - enviromental groups
3 - affected communities
4 - governments
208
what is the role of exploration companies in unconventional fossil feuls?
find new resources
209
what is the role of enviromental groups in unconventional fossil feuls?
show impacts of exploration and protest
EG GREENSPACE
210
what happens to affected communities with unconventional fossil feuls?
have local polluted areas, they do get offered jobs and investment into the local area
211
what are the 3 examples of renewable energy?
1 - hydro
2 - wind
3 - solar
212
what are benefits of solar energy?
- viable where there is high rainfall and fast flowing water
- can create 128 petawatt hours per year
213
wht is hydro electric power?
using high power water to drive turbines to create energy
214
what is the case study for hydro-electric power?
GERD in ethiopia
45% don't have access to electricity
215
what are negatives of hydro-electric power?
- needs areas to be flooded for dams to be built
- destroys eqatic species
- is expensive and can create interdependency to occur
216
what is wind energy?
a generator converts energy from turbines into electrical energy?
217
what is a positive of wind energy?
can be used in areas with high wind EG MOUNTINS
218
what is the case study for wind power?
UK
cheap onshore wind turbines
- cut bills by £25 a year by 2030
219
what are some negatives for wind energy?
- need planning and framework
- local community need to agree
- can damage flying animals
220
what is solar energy?
conversion of solar energy into usbale by panels
221
what are some positives for solar energy?
- can decrease cost - 77% 2010-18 in Africa
by 2100 could by 50% of energy mix
222
what are some negatives for solar energy?
- high reliance on consistent sunlight
- only 20% of countries could access this
- seasons make it difficult in winter seasons to generate electricity
223
what are the 3 types of recyclable energy?
1 - nuclear
2 - primary biofeuls
3 - secondary biofeuls
224
what is nuclear energy?
neutrons collide with atoms casuing them to split. they release energy that heats water and the steam spins turbines are connected to genorators that create electicity
225
what are some positives of nuclear energy?
- wasteby-products can be treated and used again
- in US it could power the whole grid from nuclear watser for 100 years
-final waste is harmless over 100s of years instead of thousands
- no co2 emmissions
226
what are some negatives of nuclear waste?
- is expensive and can create radio-active waste
- can cause disaster
2011 FUKSASHIMA DISASTER with a level 7 meltdown
227
what are some benifits of primary biofuels?
- produce less than 80% carbon
- 60% than natural gas
- creates 12% of UK's energy mix
228
what are some positives of secondary biofuels?
- release less co2
- turns back into biomass
229
what is the case study for secondary biofeuls?
BRAZIL SUGAR CANE PRODUCTION
- 643 million metric tonnes and expansion by 2030 could increase by $2.6 billion
230
what are some negatives of secondary biofeul?
- sugar cane production can cause cattle to be displaced
- 46% of palm oil was used for EU for cars
231
why do developing and emerging economies use coal?
it is cheap and abundent
232
what is carbon capture and storage? CCS
capturing co2 released by burying it deep underground
233
what % of co2 was captured by ccs?
90% captured
234
what is the worlds largest carbon capture plant?
ORCA in Iceland
235
what is a hydrogen fuel cell?
it is hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity - heat and water
236
what are some challenges with hydrogen feul cells?
do not exist in large quantities and need to b extracted from splitting chemicals which is expensive
237
how many electriic cars are there in the UK?
300,000
238
what are some benifits of electric cars?
- can be powered by secondary energy and can be powered by renewables
- reduces co2 emmisions
239
what are some challenges of electric cars?
- the mining of colbalt for batteries comes from the DRC (50%)
- children work in these mines and can get breathing problems
240
what is the case study for climate change casuing drought?
AMAZON DROUGHT 2005
- 30% of area damaged
- trees had not recovered 50% was damaged
- photosynthesis slowed 10% over 6 month
241
what are the 2 economic impacts of decreased ocean health?
1 - tourism
2 - decreasing fish stocka
242
how can torusim be impacted by decreasing ocean health?
- increasing temperatures and carbon
- threatnes biodiversity and coral growth
- MALDIEVES whihc rely heavily on toruism
- can become less wanted and so loss job loss and GDP
243
how can decreasing fish stocks be caused by decreasing ocean health?
- increasing temps and carbon
- increasing pH and coral bleaching
- coral reefs die and fish cannot feed so die
- leads to food shortages and increased prices
- can create job losses
244
what are the 2 social impacts of declining ocean health?
increasing rates of malnutrition
cultral impact
245
how can increasing rates of malnutrition be caused by declining ocean health?
- many isolated communities rely on fish as a source of protein
- decreased fish stocks will decrease nutrients injested so it can affect the developments of individuals
246
what is the cultral ipact of decreasing ocean health?
- nations with natural identity linked to fish like sushi in Japan
- decreased avalibility and increased price can affect cultral strength which can be diluted
