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Geography > Carbon Cycle > Flashcards

Carbon Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

when carbon moves directly from the atmosphere to surface ocean?

A

diffusion / direct gaseous exchange

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2
Q

what is the rate of carbon from the atmsohere to the surface ocean?

A

92 PgC/year

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3
Q

from the surface ocean back to the atmosphere flux rate is what?

A

90 PgC/year

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4
Q

when carbon is sequestered by phytoplankton, this is known as?

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

carbon sequestration by phytoplankton accounts for what % of carbon sequestered from the atmopshere?

A

50%

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6
Q

when carbon is re-released into the atmosphere by marine biota the flux is known as?

A

respiration

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7
Q

how many more times larger are the oceans than the atmopshere as a carbon store?

A

50x

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8
Q

dissolved carbon dioxide is moved from the surface to the deep ocean via what process?

A

downwelling

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9
Q

carbon can be held in the surface ocean as what gas?

A

CO2

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10
Q

what are the 3 names of the ocean pumps?

A

1 - physical
2 - biological
3 - carbonate

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11
Q

the physical pump os also known as?

A

thermohaline ciruclation

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12
Q

how many PgC reach the ocean floor to become surface sediment?

A

0.2

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13
Q

the surface sediment over time undergoes the process of what?

A

sedimentation

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14
Q

the surface sediment is then transformed into what?

A

sedimentary / calcium rock

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15
Q

carbon can be removed from the terrestrial lithospere and makes its way to the oceans again via what flux?

A

weathering (chemical and mechanical)

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16
Q

what is the flux rate of weathering process in PgC/year

A

50

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17
Q

anthropogenic activity can release carbon from the lithosphere premeaturley via what process?

A

combustion

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18
Q

the flux of combustion happens at how many PgC/year

A

35

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19
Q

carbon can naturally return to the atmosphere from the lithosphere via what flux?

A

volcanic outgassing

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20
Q

what is the rate of volcanic outgassing?

A

0.15 PgC

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21
Q

why is volcanic outgassing needed to maintian what?

A

natural greenhouse effect

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22
Q

vegitation in the terrestrial biosphere sequesters carbon via the flux of what?

A

photosynthesis

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23
Q

what is the flux of photosynthesis per year?

A

123 PgC/year

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24
Q

at night, vegitation will release CO2 via what flux?

A

respiration

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25
Q

with reference to vegitation, what is the difference in the rate of the fluxes which sequester and release carbon?

A

1000

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26
Q

carbon moves from vegitation to the soil sotre by what process?

A

decomposition

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27
Q

what is the flux of decomposition?

A

50 PgC/year

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28
Q

decomposition is carried out byfunghi and detritivores. this means carbon can released by what process?

A

respiration

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29
Q

the lithosphere stores carbon as 2 things what are they?

A

1 - sedimantry rock
2 - calcium carbonate

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30
Q

how many PgC does the lithopshere hold?

A

100,000,000 (1 million)

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31
Q

how mang PgC are held as fossil feuls?

A

4,000

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32
Q

how many PgC are held as surface sedimentt at the bottom of the oceans?

A

1,750

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33
Q

the oceans hold how many PgC?

A

39,000 PgC

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34
Q

the terrestrial biosphere holds around how many PgC?

A

3,500

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35
Q

soild hold around how many PgC?

A

600

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36
Q

the atmosphere holds around how many PgC?

A

750

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37
Q

what % of the atmopshere is carbon dioxide?

A

0.04%

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38
Q

marine biota hold how many PgC?

A

3

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39
Q

phytoplankton hold what % of global biomass?

A

50%

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40
Q

what is the atmosphere to hydrosphere interaction?

A

fast biolgical cycle

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41
Q

what is the atmosphere to hydrosphere interaction?

A

fast biolgical cycle

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42
Q

what happens in the fast geological cycle (atmosphere to hydrosphere)? 3

A
  • diffusion happens to the oceans
  • carbon moves into phytoplankton by photosynthesis
  • transferred to marine mammels to the atmosphere by respiration
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43
Q

what is the interaction between the hydrosphere and the lithosphere?

A

fast biological to slow geological

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44
Q

what happens in the hydrosphere into the lithosphere (fast biological to slow geological)?

A
  • moves into the surface oceans as dissolved co2
  • moves to deep ocean by downwelling
  • moves to the ocean floor as surface sediment
  • undergoes sedimentation and is turned into calcium carbonate or fossil fuels
  • moves from lithosphere to hydrosphere by chemical weathering
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45
Q

what happens in the hydrosphere into the lithosphere (fast biological to slow geological)?

A
  • moves into the surface oceans as dissolved co2
  • moves to deep ocean by downwelling
  • moves to the ocean floor as surface sediment
  • undergoes sedimentation and is turned into calcium carbonate or fossil fuels
  • moves from lithosphere to hydrosphere by chemical weathering
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46
Q

what is the interaction between the lithosphere and atmosphere?

A

slow geological to fast biological

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47
Q

what happens between the lithosphere and atmosphere (slow geological to fast biological)?

A
  • moves through combustion
  • can cause from volcanic outgassing and being released as carbon dioxide
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48
Q

what is the interaction between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere?

A

fast biological

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49
Q

what happens between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere (fast biological)?

A
  • vegetation sequesters via photosynthesis and is released via respiration at night time
  • move from soil store from the vegetation store by decomposition
  • funghi and detritovores break it down and release back into the atmosphere by respiration
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50
Q

what is the formation of limestone?

A
  • formed from shell fragments of marine organisms
  • animals die and the fragments precipitate down
  • lithified to form limestone
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51
Q

what is the formation of shale?

A
  • organic material precipitates to the ocean floor
  • material is embedded in mud layer
  • exposed to heat and pressure and lithified
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52
Q

what is the formation of fossil feuls?

A
  • organic matter precipitates onto ocean floor
  • covered by mud
  • material decays anaerobically
  • if material is added faster than it decays it becomes a fossil fuel
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53
Q

what is oil and gas made from?

A

marine plants and animals

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54
Q

what is coal made from?

A

dead plants on land

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55
Q

how does carbon move through the water to the land and into the ocean and into the lithsophere?

A
  • water mixes with co2 to form carbonic acid
  • acid comes into contact with calcium cabronate by chemical weathering
  • surface runoff caries carbonate into the ocean
  • sinks to ocean floor becoming sedimentary rock
  • convection currents force it into the volcanic outgassing
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56
Q

what is the negative feedback mechanism for the geological cycle?

A
  • increase in volcanic activity -> increase volcanic outgassing -> increased levels of co2 in the air -> decreased diffusion and respiration -> increase in convectional rainfall
    -> increase in chemical weathering
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57
Q

what do the ocean pumps do?

A

drive the flux of carbon from the surface ocean to the deep oceans and from the deep ocean to the surface ocean.

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58
Q

how many PgC are absorbed by the oceans?

A

92

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59
Q

how many PgC are released by the oceans?

A

90

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60
Q

what do the ocean pumps maintian?

A

diffusion gradient between the atmosphere and the surface ocean store

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61
Q

biological pump

A
  • flux between polar and tropics
  • phytoplankton in the photic zone use sunlight to convent co2 into carbohydrate by photosynthesis
  • carbon enters marine biota as the phytoplankton are eaten by the zooplankton which store carbon in their bodies
  • carbon goes from downwelling in deep ocean to surface ocean by upwelling
  • marine biota precipitates to ocean floor
  • compressed into rock where it lasts for 100 million years
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62
Q

carbonate pump

A
  • carbon is held in coral generated from calcium ions of acid rain
  • shellfish use these to make their shells
  • die and precipitate to the ocean floor
  • turns into sedimentary rock
  • turns into limestone
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63
Q

physical pump - salty water sinking

A
  • decreasing temp and increased salinity -> more dense so is cooler
  • increasing temp and decreased salinity -> less dense so is warmer
  • cooler water at polar region forms as sea ice which stores fresh water
  • increases salinity at poles so ice sinks to deep ocean
  • thermohaline circulation and combustion pulls warmer water from tropics towards poles
  • deep currents flow to surface ocean where it is realised back into atmosphere
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64
Q

what are the 2 impacts of a carbon imbalance on the oceans?

A
  • ocean acidification
  • threats to ocean health and impacts on humans
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65
Q

what is ocean acidification?

A

decreasing ocean pH of the ocean over an extended period of time

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66
Q

what % of carbon do soils store?

A

20-30%

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67
Q

what are the 2 types of carbon in soils?

A

organic
inorganic

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68
Q

how is caron stored in soils?

A

dead biomass

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69
Q

what % of carbon is in humus?

A

60%

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70
Q

what is the longest store that carbon can be stored in soils?

A

pyrogenic carbonatious carbon

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71
Q

what are inputs into the soil store?

A

plants, animals and residues

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72
Q

what are outputs of the soil store?

A

decomposition and consumption

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73
Q

what does carbon give soil?

A

water retention capacity and structure and capacity

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74
Q

what does nutrient and carbon cycling varies on?

A

biome and climate

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75
Q

what is the soil and carbon balence?

A

if plant residue is added to the soil at a faster rate than soil organisms convert it to co2 - the carbon will be gradually removed from the atmosphere

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76
Q

what biome has the largest soil carbon store?

A

tundra

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77
Q

why is the carbon soil store so low at the equator?

A

high precipitation washes away nutrients

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78
Q

what are the 3 types of wetlands?

A

marshes
peat bogs
mangroves

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79
Q

what is the role of a marsh in the carbon cycle? 7

A
  • waterlogged permanently
  • soils are anerobic (low co2)
  • oxygen diffuses through water
  • decomposition is slow
  • carbon in dead plants remains intact
  • rather than being broken down by microbes and returned by respiration
  • drought makes wetlands a carbon source
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80
Q

what is the role of peat bogs in the carbon cycle?

A
  • 60% of wetlands are peat based
  • dead organic matter is added to soils in waterlogged conditions
  • occurs faster than the rate it decays as decomposition is anaerobic
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81
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

lack co2 to repsire

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82
Q

what is the role of mangroves in the carbon cycle?

A
  • blue carbon with carbon stored in coastal salt marshes
  • grow in saline waters between 25 n and 25 s
  • if 2% of the mangroves are lost, carbon will be released at 50x the sequestrion rate
  • sequester into branches and roots and then soils
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83
Q

how many more x is carbon stored in mangroves compared to tropical rainforests?

A

5x

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84
Q

how many billion of tonnes does the Scottish peatland store and how many years worth of emissions?

A

1.7 billion ad 140 years of emissions

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85
Q

what is permaforst?

A

permantly frozen layer on the Earth’s surface. it is soil, gravel and sand that under 0 degrees

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86
Q

how many years worth does permaforst release of oil, coal and natural gas emissions?

A

4 to 6 years

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87
Q

what is the positive feedback mechanism of permafrost?

A
  • increased thawing
  • increased decomposition
  • increased co2 released
  • increased CH4 release in soil
  • increased EHGHE
  • increased global warming
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88
Q

what is the negative feedback mechanism for global warming?

A
  • increased thawing
  • increased decomposition by microbes
  • increased nutrients as rain water avalibility decreases
  • increased precipitation
  • increased carbon sequestration
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89
Q

what are the 2 ways to manage soils?

A

draining of wetlands and burning of peatlands

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90
Q

how many % of the worlds wetlands have been lost over the past 300 years?

A

87%

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91
Q

how does the draining of wetlands increase co2 emission?

A
  • led to expsoure of biomass to increase decomposition
  • becomes a carbon store
  • 30% of global methane emissions are from weltands
  • will increase with climate change
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92
Q

how does the burning of peatlands increase carbon emissions?

A
  • can take 1,000 years to form 1m of peat
  • burning releases carbon rapidly
  • Scotland peatland working to restore peatland areas
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93
Q

how many PgC does vegitation hold?

A

600

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94
Q

how many PgC does rainforests and wilfires occur at?

A

119

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95
Q

when does respiration happen?

A

at nightime

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96
Q

what does photosynthesis occur by?

A

location

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97
Q

when does photosynethesis occur the fast on?
day or night
summer or winter
high or low tree density
broad leaf species or thin leaf species

A

day - more sunlight
summer - more sunlight
high tree density - more photosythesis
broad leaf species as they have greater surface area

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98
Q

what is net primary productivity?

A

the rate at which energy is stored as biomass by plants or other primary producers

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99
Q

where has a high npp?

A

the equator due to the high levels of sunlight and percipitation

100
Q

where has a low npp?

A

the tropics and the poles

101
Q

what are 3 main reasons as to why deforestation occurs?

A
  • growing demand for food, feul and other reasources
102
Q

why is the growing demand for food casuing deforestation? 3

A
  • growth of population
  • growth of global middle class increasing meat consumption
  • leads to deforestation for cattle farming
103
Q

why is the growing demand for feul causing deforestation?

A
  • increasing industrialisation in NEEs
  • feuls manufacturing process increases
  • important for economic growth and urbanisation
104
Q

why is the growing demand for other reaosurces such as minerals causing deforestation?

A
  • used in manufacturing of high tech goods
  • demand for goods is growing due to the global middle class
105
Q

what is afforestation?

A

planting iof trees in areas that havent recently had tree cover to create a forest

106
Q

what 2 areas have used afforestation?

A

china and africa

107
Q

what are 5 goals that afforestation can do?

A

1 - decrease flooding
2 - decrease atmospheric co2
3 - increase atmospheric oxugen
4 - increase biodiversity
5 - increase soil nutrients
6 - avoid desertification

108
Q

Afforestation : china

A
  • 1990-2020 increased 0.63 billion km2 of forest cover
  • aim to increase coverage to 43% by 2050
109
Q

afforestation : africa

A
  • ran the great green project to combat desertification
  • aim to plant 100 million ha by 2030
110
Q

what are 4 positives of afforestation?
gigatonnes
top soil
shelter
money increasing

A

1 - could remove 191 gigatonned of carbon by 2100
2 - improve top soil as it is 3x the size of carbon store
3 - provides a shelter belt for farmland and crops
4 - for every $1 on forest restoration -> 9$ worth of benefits are released

111
Q

what are 2 negatives of afforestation?

A

1- monocultures are used and so spread disease
2 - it can impact local water cycles

112
Q

what % of rainfall within the Amazon basin consists of water that evaporates rainforests?

A

30-70%

113
Q

what causes the dry season in the Amazon rainforest?

A

the ITCZ moving north

114
Q

what type of rainfall are aeral rivers responsible for?

A

orographic rainfall

115
Q

what is the case study for increased wild fires?

A

AMAZON DROUGHT 2016
- caused by el nino year and caused death of 2.5 billion trees in the Lower Tapjos river basin
- number of wild fires increased by 36% compared to 12 years prior
- turned into carbon source not sink
- generated 495 million tonnes of co2 in 3 years

116
Q

what is the negative feedback mechanism of wildfires?

A
  • can increase co2 and nutrients in the air
  • causes phytoplankton bloom in oceans
117
Q

fwhat are the 2 types of grasslands?

A
  • temperate and tropical
118
Q

why are grasslands being exploited?

A

for agriculture

119
Q

how many million ha of grasslands have been converted for crops?

A

1.7 million

120
Q

what is the flow for the conversion of grasslands?

A
  • grasslands have been converted for agriculture
  • leads to loss of co2 and moisture from top soils
  • avoiding conversions of grasslands could prevent the release of 35 million tonnes of co2
  • grass and shrubs pull co2 out and into the plants
  • soil becomes unhealthy due to an increase of worms, microbes and funghi which help to fight of disease
121
Q

what is the impact of the converstion of grasslands on humans?

A

can reduce tourism
- SAVANNA GRASSIA

122
Q

what is the impact of the converstion of grasslands on humans?

A

can reduce tourism
- SAVANNA GRASSIA are home to the big 5 animals
- creates $2.5 billion towards GDP

123
Q

how can forest loss cause forest stress?

A

decreased evapotranspiration -> decreased biotic pumping -> decreased convectional rainfall -> meteorological drought -> FOREST STRESS

124
Q

how can forest loss cause for a decreased recharge of aquifers?

A

decreased interception -> increased direct rainfall -> increased soil compaction -> decreased infiltration and percolation -> decreased recharge of aquifers

125
Q

how can forest loss cause an increase in flooding?

A

decreased interception -> increased soil compaction -> decreased infiltration and percolation -> increased overland flow -> increased water flow to channels and basin -> FLOOD

126
Q

how many people rely on primary forests?

A

1.6 billion people

127
Q

how many miles2 were removed in the Amazon forest for ranching and biofeuls?

A

2,400 miles2

128
Q

what are the 3 main forest loss impacts on humans?

A

1 - increased food insecurity in indigenous populations
2 - increased exposure to disease - MALARIA
3 - increased exposure to disease - ZOONOTIC DISEASES

129
Q

how can forest loss lead to increased food insecurity in indigenous populations?

A
  • bush meats are an important food source such as bat, monkey, rat and snake
  • main source of protein for inland forest communities
  • important where livestock farming is not avaliable
  • with decreased amino acids and malnutrition and decreased immunity to diease
130
Q

how can forest loss lead to increased exposure to Malaria?

A
  • deforestation means the ground is less shaded
  • increased exposure to sunlgiht means soil baking
  • soil compaction occurs
  • less infultration and an increase in standing water is warmed by radiation
  • becomes breeding grounds for mosquitos and Malaria
131
Q

what is the case study for forest loss increasing malaria?

A

Malaysia - 10% rise in deforestation leads to 33% avergae increase in malaria transmission
- spend $5,000 to treat each new patient

132
Q

how can an increase in forest loss lead to zoonotic diseases?

A
  • 60% of infectious diseases originated in forest dwelling animals eg - ebola
  • human encroachment on habitats has caused forced displacement with human populations
  • more likley to occur in tropics as there is overall wildlife and pathogen diversity
133
Q

what is energy consumption measured in?

A

gigajoules in usage per capita

134
Q

what is energy intensity?

A

measure of how efficiently energy being used. calcualated in units of energy used per unit of GDP

135
Q

what is energy mix?

A

proportion of each primary energy resource a country uses within a year

136
Q

what are the 7 types of energy?

A

1 - primary energy
2 - secondary
3 - renewable
4 - non-renewable
5 - recyclable
6 - domestic
7 - foreign

137
Q

what is primary energy?

A

natural energy that has not been converted into another form of energy eg oil and gas

138
Q

what is secondary energy?

A

what the primary source has turned into eg electicity

139
Q

what is non-renweable energy?

A

will eventually run out

140
Q

what is recyclable energy?

A

nuclear biomass and can be converted into mixed oxides and used again

141
Q

what is domestic energy?

A

energy produced from resources within the country

142
Q

what is foreign energy?

A

primary energy resource from another country

143
Q

what are 5 examples of using energy?

A

1 - transport
2 - lighting
3 - heating / air cooling
4 - communication
5 - maufacturing

144
Q

between 1994 to 2019, how many exajoules were used by people?

A

360
590

145
Q

what are the 2 case studies for the energy portrait?

A

france vs usa

146
Q

what is the population of France and the USA?

A

France = 65 million
USA = 331 million

147
Q

what is the consumption of France and USA

A

FRANCE 3,690
USA = 6,804

148
Q

what 5 of frances energy mix is carbon feuls?

A

50%

149
Q

what % of frances energy mix is renewables?

A

10%

150
Q

what % of frances energy mix is nuclear energy?

A

41%

151
Q

what % of frances energy is imported?

A

46%

152
Q

what % of frances energy mix is domestic?

A

54%

153
Q

what % of the usa energy mix is carbon fuels?

A

82%

154
Q

what % of the usa’s energy mix is renewables?

A

11%

155
Q

what % of the usa’s energy mix is nuclear energy?

A

8%

156
Q

what % of the usa’s energy mix is imported?

A

15%

157
Q

what % of the usa’s energy mix is domestic?

A

85%

158
Q

who is more energy secure in the short term USA or France?

A

USA due to being less reliant on imports and have less political influence over pricing

159
Q

who is more energy secure in the long term USA or France?

A

France due to being less reliant on fossil feuls and have invested into renewable energy

160
Q

what are the 6 factors that can affect energy consumption?

A

1 - physical availability
2 - technology
3 - cost
4 - economic development
5 - climate
6 - environmental priorities

161
Q

how does physical availability affect energy consumption?

A
  • if energy is easy to access consumption will increase
  • if oil is on land or at shallow depths it is easier to extract so will decrease the cost of supply and will increase consumption
162
Q

what 3 case studies are used for physical availability influencing energy consumption?

A

1 - Iceland with geothermal energy
2 - Saudi Arabia - 268 billion barrels of oil
3 - North sea oil with it being at greater depths so is more expensive to extract

163
Q

how does technology affect energy consumption?

A
  • linked with economic development is needed for:
    > fossil feul extraction
    > harnessing individuals
    > delivery of energy to consumers
  • increased tech increases extraction so delivery will increase and will increase the consumption
164
Q

what is the case study for technology influencing energy consumtion?

A

iceland - with geothermal energy which make up 85% of their energy mix

165
Q

how can cost influence energy consumption?

A

decrease in cost will encourage consumption as an increase in cost will decrese consumption
- costs can increase due to transportation as the greater the distance and more complex -> the greater the cost

166
Q

what is the case study for cost influencing energy consumption?

A

War in Ukraine
- disrupted russian gas to europe
- forced eu countries to seek alternative supplies such as from QUATAR
- increased cost

167
Q

how does economic development influence energy consumption?

A

link between economic dev and energy consumption
- increased energy intensive lifestyle with more white goods
- high incomes > less likley to be sensitive about price changes as it is a small % of the income

168
Q

how can climate affect levels of energy consumption?

A
  • extremes in temperatures can influence consumption
  • ICELAND > energy is used for heating
  • QUATAR > edge of the Hadley cell and is used for cooling
169
Q

how can environmental properties influence levels of energy consumption

A
  • countries are agreeing to transition away from fossil feuls such as PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT 2015
  • investing more in short term renewables which will increase price
  • green tech is expensive > 1950s solar power was 10,000x more expensive than coal and gas
170
Q

what are 3 examples of TNCS who were energy players?

A

shell
BP
exon mobile
Sinopec

171
Q

what are TNCs involved in? 4

A

1 - exploring
2 - extracting
3 - transporting
4 - refining and producing chemicals

172
Q

how do TNCs gain political influence and retain fossil feuls?
BP - COP 6

A

BP - 2016 contributed $16 miillion to US election campaigns
COP 26 fossil feul had more representation than any other coutry

173
Q

what is an example of TNCs having influence over developing countries?

A

Shell in Nigeria

174
Q

where does OPEC operate?

A

middle east, africa and south america

175
Q

how do OPEC influence oil prices?

A

restrict supply to increase price and revenue
- controlled 80%+ of oil reserves
- decreased during pandemic by reducing production to reduce supply

176
Q

what are the 4 major UK energy companies?

A

1 - British Gas
2 - EON
3 - EDF
4 - SSE

177
Q

.

A

.

178
Q

when was the uk price cap and what was it set to rise for the price of energy in Jan 2023?

A

1st Jan -> 31st March 2023
set to rise to £4,279 in Jan 2023

179
Q

what are the 4 points for consumers being key players in energy?

A

1 - use it for transport, indstry and domestic
2 - passive players when it comes to prices
3 - adapt to changing national conditions with pricing
4 - can influence through lobbying

180
Q

what is the role of nat gov in DEVELOPED countires?

A
  • influence energy mnix over demand
  • EU signed Paris agreement 2015 to decrease reliance on fossil fuels
181
Q

what is the example of developed national governments being key energy players?

A

UK increased taxes on diesel
- increased demand and so are looking for a transition to electric vehicles

182
Q

what is the role of nat gov in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

A
  • use oil reserves to force TNCs to work with oil companies to increase tech development
  • increases ability to extract oil domestrically
    EG - Shell in Nigeria
183
Q

what are the 3 stages of energy from source to consumer?

A

SUPPLY -> TRANSPORT -> CONSUMPTION

184
Q

in 2019 what were the top 3 consumers of fossil fuels?

A

china
us
india

185
Q

what are the 3 main fossil fuels?

A

oil, coal and natural gas

186
Q

what % of coal does china use and produce it’self?

A

uses 90% of what it produces

187
Q

in 2021 how many tonnes of coal did Indonesia export to chins?

A

196 million tonnes

188
Q

where does Australia export it’s coal to?

A

china and japan

189
Q

what is energy density of coal?

A

amount of energy stored within substance based on space per unit volume

190
Q

what is the energy denisty of coal? number

A

24 mega joules/kg

191
Q

how many barrels of oil do Europe produce in a day?

A

2,000

192
Q

what are the 4 largest producers of oil?

A

saudi arabia
russia
north america
alaska

193
Q

what are the top 3 consumers of oil?

A

usa - 20%
china - 14%
india 4%

194
Q

where is the largest producer of oil?

A

middle east

195
Q

what is the only fossil feul which can be used in transportation?

A

oil

196
Q

what % of oil was used in transportation in the us?

A

67%

197
Q

where is natural gas produced by? 2 countries?

A

usa - 23%
russia 17%

198
Q

what is the case study for pathways of gas in pipelines/.

A

Russian Gas to europe
- before 22 invasion of Ukraine as natural gas imports increased by 40%
- makes up 40% of EUs energy mix
- 4 piplines and 3 through Ukraine
- russia would be threatned if Ukraine joing eu or natio

199
Q

what % of natural gas is used in the UK’s energy mix?

A

40%

200
Q

what % of UK gas came from Qatar in 2022?

A

9%

201
Q

what are the 2 ways in which natural gas to be transported?

A
  • pipelines
  • shipping
202
Q

what are the 3 case studies for unconventional fossil feuls?

A

1 - Canadian tar sands
2 - us shale gas
3 - brazilian deepwater oil

203
Q

what % of oil output is produced by tar sands in Canada?

A

40%

204
Q

what is the flow for canadian tar sands?

A
  • injected with steam to make tar less viscous
  • 2015 global price of oil fell causing -ve impact
  • strip land to mine tar sands
205
Q

what is the flow for US shale gas?

A
  • hydraulic fracturing which is pumping water and chemicals into underground to release oil and gas
  • used in new york, texas and pennsylvania
  • can affect groundwater supplies and pollutes local areas
206
Q

what is the flow for Brazilian deepwater oil?

A
  • started in 2009
    -aim of producing 500,000 barrels per day by 2020
  • between rio and sau-paulo covered in rigs and led to pollution of local waters
207
Q

what are the 4 major players on unconventional fossil fuel?

A

1v - exploration companies
2 - enviromental groups
3 - affected communities
4 - governments

208
Q

what is the role of exploration companies in unconventional fossil feuls?

A

find new resources

209
Q

what is the role of enviromental groups in unconventional fossil feuls?

A

show impacts of exploration and protest
EG GREENSPACE

210
Q

what happens to affected communities with unconventional fossil feuls?

A

have local polluted areas, they do get offered jobs and investment into the local area

211
Q

what are the 3 examples of renewable energy?

A

1 - hydro
2 - wind
3 - solar

212
Q

what are benefits of solar energy?

A
  • viable where there is high rainfall and fast flowing water
  • can create 128 petawatt hours per year
213
Q

wht is hydro electric power?

A

using high power water to drive turbines to create energy

214
Q

what is the case study for hydro-electric power?

A

GERD in ethiopia
45% don’t have access to electricity

215
Q

what are negatives of hydro-electric power?

A
  • needs areas to be flooded for dams to be built
  • destroys eqatic species
  • is expensive and can create interdependency to occur
216
Q

what is wind energy?

A

a generator converts energy from turbines into electrical energy?

217
Q

what is a positive of wind energy?

A

can be used in areas with high wind EG MOUNTINS

218
Q

what is the case study for wind power?

A

UK
cheap onshore wind turbines
- cut bills by £25 a year by 2030

219
Q

what are some negatives for wind energy?

A
  • need planning and framework
  • local community need to agree
  • can damage flying animals
220
Q

what is solar energy?

A

conversion of solar energy into usbale by panels

221
Q

what are some positives for solar energy?

A
  • can decrease cost - 77% 2010-18 in Africa
    by 2100 could by 50% of energy mix
222
Q

what are some negatives for solar energy?

A
  • high reliance on consistent sunlight
  • only 20% of countries could access this
  • seasons make it difficult in winter seasons to generate electricity
223
Q

what are the 3 types of recyclable energy?

A

1 - nuclear
2 - primary biofeuls
3 - secondary biofeuls

224
Q

what is nuclear energy?

A

neutrons collide with atoms casuing them to split. they release energy that heats water and the steam spins turbines are connected to genorators that create electicity

225
Q

what are some positives of nuclear energy?

A
  • wasteby-products can be treated and used again
  • in US it could power the whole grid from nuclear watser for 100 years
    -final waste is harmless over 100s of years instead of thousands
  • no co2 emmissions
226
Q

what are some negatives of nuclear waste?

A
  • is expensive and can create radio-active waste
  • can cause disaster
    2011 FUKSASHIMA DISASTER with a level 7 meltdown
227
Q

what are some benifits of primary biofuels?

A
  • produce less than 80% carbon
  • 60% than natural gas
  • creates 12% of UK’s energy mix
228
Q

what are some positives of secondary biofuels?

A
  • release less co2
  • turns back into biomass
229
Q

what is the case study for secondary biofeuls?

A

BRAZIL SUGAR CANE PRODUCTION
- 643 million metric tonnes and expansion by 2030 could increase by $2.6 billion

230
Q

what are some negatives of secondary biofeul?

A
  • sugar cane production can cause cattle to be displaced
  • 46% of palm oil was used for EU for cars
231
Q

why do developing and emerging economies use coal?

A

it is cheap and abundent

232
Q

what is carbon capture and storage? CCS

A

capturing co2 released by burying it deep underground

233
Q

what % of co2 was captured by ccs?

A

90% captured

234
Q

what is the worlds largest carbon capture plant?

A

ORCA in Iceland

235
Q

what is a hydrogen fuel cell?

A

it is hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity - heat and water

236
Q

what are some challenges with hydrogen feul cells?

A

do not exist in large quantities and need to b extracted from splitting chemicals which is expensive

237
Q

how many electriic cars are there in the UK?

A

300,000

238
Q

what are some benifits of electric cars?

A
  • can be powered by secondary energy and can be powered by renewables
  • reduces co2 emmisions
239
Q

what are some challenges of electric cars?

A
  • the mining of colbalt for batteries comes from the DRC (50%)
  • children work in these mines and can get breathing problems
240
Q

what is the case study for climate change casuing drought?

A

AMAZON DROUGHT 2005
- 30% of area damaged
- trees had not recovered 50% was damaged
- photosynthesis slowed 10% over 6 month

241
Q

what are the 2 economic impacts of decreased ocean health?

A

1 - tourism
2 - decreasing fish stocka

242
Q

how can torusim be impacted by decreasing ocean health?

A
  • increasing temperatures and carbon
  • threatnes biodiversity and coral growth
  • MALDIEVES whihc rely heavily on toruism
  • can become less wanted and so loss job loss and GDP
243
Q

how can decreasing fish stocks be caused by decreasing ocean health?

A
  • increasing temps and carbon
  • increasing pH and coral bleaching
  • coral reefs die and fish cannot feed so die
  • leads to food shortages and increased prices
  • can create job losses
244
Q

what are the 2 social impacts of declining ocean health?

A

increasing rates of malnutrition
cultral impact

245
Q

how can increasing rates of malnutrition be caused by declining ocean health?

A
  • many isolated communities rely on fish as a source of protein
  • decreased fish stocks will decrease nutrients injested so it can affect the developments of individuals
246
Q

what is the cultral ipact of decreasing ocean health?

A
  • nations with natural identity linked to fish like sushi in Japan
  • decreased avalibility and increased price can affect cultral strength which can be diluted

Geography (8 decks)

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