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Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the starting point of an intra-plate earthquake?

A

Ainchent rift or faults

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2
Q

How does an intra-plate earthquake form?

A

Ainchent rifts or faults with building tectonic strain causing a fracture and ground shaking

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3
Q

How does an intra-plate volcano form?

A

A tectonic plate moves over a stationary hotspot and intense heat and pressure is exerted on the lithosphere and submarine volcano erupts and causes a volcanic island to form

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4
Q

What % of earthquakes happen at the ring of fire?

A

70%

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5
Q

What are the two types of plate TYPES?

A

Oceanic and continental

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6
Q

What are the three types of boundry types

A

O-O
O-C
C-C

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7
Q

What are the three types of plate movement?

A

Divergant, convergant, conservative

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8
Q

What is the magma type of an Oceanic-Oceanic plate?

A

Balsaltic

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9
Q

What is the magma type of an Oceanic-Continental plate?

A

Andesitic

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10
Q

What is the magma of an Continental-Continental plate? (Rare)

A

Rhyolitic

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11
Q

What is the example of an Oceanic-Oceanic plate type? (place)

A

Iceland 2010

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12
Q

What is an example of an Oceanic-Continental plate? (place)

A

Mt St Helens 1980

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13
Q

What is an example of an Continental-Continental plate? (plate)

A

Yellow stone

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14
Q

What is an example of a divergant plate movement?

A

SW Iceland 2000

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15
Q

What is an example of a convergant plate movement?

A

Nepal 2015

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16
Q

What is an example of a conservative plate movement?

A

Hati 2010

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17
Q

What is the depth of an oceanic plate?

A

7km

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18
Q

What is the depth of a continental plate?

A

40km

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19
Q

What is the explosivity of a Oceanic-Oceanic plate?

A

Not very

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20
Q

What is the explosivity of a Oceanic-Continental plate?

A

More explosive

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21
Q

What is the explosivity of a Continental-Continental plate?

A

Very explosive

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22
Q

What is an example of a intra-plate volcano?

A

Hawaii

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23
Q

What is the core?

A

A liquid middle of the earth which is 6,000°

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24
Q

What is the mantle?

A

The second layer of the earth which is semi-ductile

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25
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

Outer layer of the Earth

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26
Q

What is slab pull?

A

The enormous weight of subduting slab causes it to sink into the mantle and cools

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27
Q

What is the Wadetti Benioff zone?

A

Different speeds and movement of crustal rock generate strain and fractures at varying focal depths.

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28
Q

What is the focal depth important in determining?

A

The magnitude of the ground shaking

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29
Q

What is a P wave?

A

Vibrations caused by compression

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30
Q

What is a S wave?

A

They vibrate at right angles to the direction of travel

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31
Q

What is an L wave?

A

Responsible for the ground shaking

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32
Q

What distance do L waves travel?

A

Surface

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33
Q

What wave arrives first?

A

P wave

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34
Q

What is a Landslide caused by?

A

A steep slope of the side of a hill or mountain

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35
Q

What happens in a landslide?

A

Geound shaking cuases cuases loosly packed sediment to fall downhill

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36
Q

What is a case study for a landslide?

A

Elsavador 2001 with a magnitude of 7.6 and killed 585 people

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37
Q

What causes waterlogged ground?

A

Liquifaction

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38
Q

What happens in liquefaction?

A

Ground shaking caused the ground to act like a liquid causing building collapse

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39
Q

What is the case study for Liquifaction?

A

Nigatta 1964 with a magnitude of 7.5 caused 3,500 houses to be destroyed

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40
Q

Where does landslides affect communities?

A

When they are located at the bottom of a steep slope

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41
Q

Where does liquefaction affect communities?

A

When they are located on loosely packed waterlogged ground

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42
Q

What happens in a fracture below the sea floor?

A

A Tsunami

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43
Q

What happens at a tsunami?

A

A displacement of water creating a ripple reaching land

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44
Q

What is the case study for Tsunamis?

A

Indian Ocean 2004 boxing day tsunami with a magnitude of 9.1 and killed 225,000 people

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45
Q

Where does tsunamis affect communitites?

A

Located at a convergent o-c boundary with the upward movement of crust along a fault

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46
Q

What are the four primary hazards on a volcano?

A

Pyroclastic flows
Tephra
Lava flows
Gas eruptions

47
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

Large clouds of hot ash with material being deposited

48
Q

How fast do pyroclastic flows move?

A

700km/h

49
Q

What is the example of a pyroclastic flow?

A

Momtserat 1997

50
Q

What is tephra?

A

Rock fragments and lava bombs being ejected into the air

51
Q

What is the example of tephra?

A

Eyjafjallajökull 2010 with a VEI of 4

52
Q

What is a lava flow?

A

Lava erupting from the volcano affecting houses, people and land

53
Q

On a steep slope with basaltic lava, how fast can it travel?

A

15m/s

54
Q

What is an example of gas eruptions?

A

Lake Nyos 1986 killed 17,000 people

55
Q

Why are gas eruptions bad?

A

They are colourless and odourless and so can kill easily

56
Q

What is a Lahar?

A

Particles of ash forming condensation nuclei triggering rainfall which leads to volcanic mudflow

57
Q

What is the example of Lahars?

A

Pinaturbo 1991 with a 24km high ash cloud with 3km2 of sediment dropped

58
Q

What is a Jokullhalwp?

A

Rapid discharge of meltwater (ice) causing destruction

59
Q

What is the example for a Jokullhalwp?

A

Eyjafjallajökull 2010 with discharge of 3,000m3/s

60
Q

How does an earthquake form?

A

Build up of tectonic strain -> pressure exceeds the strength so fractures -> seismic waves released -> the crust rebounds causing it to shake

61
Q

What are the 2 secondary hazards associated with volcanoes?

A

Lahars and Jokullhlawp

62
Q

What are the 3 secondary hazards associated with earthquakes?

A

Landslide, Liquefaction, Tsunami

63
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A geophysical event that has the potential to cause threats to life and property

64
Q

What is a disaster?

A

A serious disruption of land and life which exceeds the ability of the affected community to cope

65
Q

What does the Deggs Model state?

A

A disaster will not occur unless a vulnerable population is exposed to hazards effects

66
Q

What does the Deggs model show the interaction of?

A

The geophysical hazard and the vulnerability of a population

67
Q

What is the case study of the Deggs model?

A

Pinatubo 1991 with a VEI of 6 with a 24km high ash cloud and they had flat roofs causing 300 deaths

68
Q

What is the hazard risk formula?

A

It breaks down the individual components of risk and can be broken down to show the different influences that make risk

69
Q

What is the case study for the Hazard Risk Formula?

A

Hati 20120 with a magnitude of 7 and was at risk as 25% of the population were just 25km from the epicentre with weak buildings and poor governance with 230,000 deaths

70
Q

What is the Disaster Age Index?

A

States that age is a determining factor in levels of risk and that elderly people cause more risk

71
Q

Why are elderly people more at risk?

A

They have less mobility, weaker immune systems and low coping capacitates

72
Q

What is the case study for the Disaster Age Index?

A

Tohoku 2011 with a magnitude of 9 with 15,000 deaths with 23% of the population over 65

73
Q

What is the PAR Model?

A

Shows the progression of vulnerability in the form of pressure and how growing pressure from each side cause a bigger disaster

74
Q

What is the case study for the PAR Model?

A

Hati 2010 with a magnitude of 7 with both poor governance and weak buildings caused an increased scale of disaster

75
Q

What 2 measures measure the intensity of tectonic hazards? (models)

A

Volcanic explosivity index and the moment magnitude scale

76
Q

What is the volcanic explosivity index?

A

A relative measure of explosivity calculated from the volume erupted

77
Q

What is the moment magnitude scale?

A

It describes earthquakes in term of energy realised

78
Q

What is the speed of onset?

A

Time from detection to hazard occuring

79
Q

What is areal extent?

A

How far and wide a hazard affects are felt

80
Q

What is spatial predictability?

A

Ease of predicting where a hazard may take place

81
Q

How can low access to education can increase vulnerability?

A

No qualifications lead to less secure income lead to less educated on evacuation leads to increased vulnerability

82
Q

How can poor quality housing lead to increased vulnerability?

A

Weak buildings made out of weak concrete can’t withstand ground shaking causing building collapse leading to increased vulnerability

83
Q

How can poor healthcare lead to increased vulnerability?

A

In a disaster spread of disease and injury likely due to contamination of water sources to less likely to recover from disease

84
Q

How can low income increase vulnerability?

A

Inability to send the children to school so affording hazard proof housing and can’t afford good nutritious food

85
Q

How can poor nutrition increase vulnerability?

A

Lead to a weaker immune system and malnourishment and so disease spread and those with weak immune systems will die

86
Q

How can high levels of development lead to an increased resilience?

A

High levels of financial and human capital so has aseismic building codes so less damage occurs and they can recover quickly

87
Q

How many children in Hati go to school?

A

50%

88
Q

How many houses in Hati are made from weak concrete?

A

90%

89
Q

How many % of Hati’s population have access to healthcare?

A

40%

90
Q

What is the poverty risk nexus?

A

Low income households suffer a share of disaster due to inequality

91
Q

Why might disaster statistics be questioned?

A

Open to political bias, no universally agreed definition of a disaster

92
Q

What are 2 reasons that we must question recorded disaster statistics?

A

Data collection methods will vary, open to political bias e.g may make them worse for more aid

93
Q

What is meant by a multiple hazard zone?

A

An area that exposed to both tectonic and hydro-meteorological hazards

94
Q

What is an example of a multiple hazard zone?

A

Pinaturbo / Philippines

95
Q

How can you predict or forecast a Volcano?

A

Giving some form of warning that can be detected with equipment. Tilt metres are a good use

96
Q

How can you predict or forecast an Earthquake?

A

Areas at high risk are identified with those likely to suffer severe ground shaking and seismic gaps can point to areas of high risk

97
Q

How can you predict or forecast Tsunmais?

A

The earthquake cannot be predicted but the waves can be and you can use seismometers and ocean monitoring equipment can detect tsunamis

98
Q

What is the hazard managment cycle?

A

It illustrates the different stages of managing hazards in an attempt to reduce the scale of a disaster

99
Q

What are the 4 stages in the Hazard amnagment cycle?

A

Recovery
Response
Mitigation
Preparation

100
Q

What is mitigation in the hazard management cycle?

A

Building back better and adapting for future hazards

101
Q

What is the PARKS model?

A

Shows the time dimension of resilience so the time it takes from a place disrupting and it recovering

102
Q

What does a bigger curve in the PARKS Model show?

A

A more vulnerable place and a bigger dip

103
Q

What is a prediction?

A

Provides a % chance that a hazard will occur relating to past trends

104
Q

What is a forecast?

A

Knowing when and where a natural hazard will take place

105
Q

How can we reduce earthquakes affect on an area?

A

Creation of aseismic buildings
Cross bracing
Base Isolation

106
Q

What is an example of base isolation systems?

A

Apple HQ sits on 700 bases and can move 4-5 feet

107
Q

How can we reduce tsunami effects on an area?

A

Engineering defences

Planting of Mangroves

108
Q

What is an example of a reduced effect of a Tsunami on an area?

A

Tohoku 2011 built 245 mile sea wall with 4 feet of reinforced concrete

109
Q

How can we reduce the effects of a volcano on an area?

A

Diverting lava flows

110
Q

How can we detect an earthquake? (2)

A

Seismometers

Community preparedness and education

111
Q

How can we detect a Tsunami?

A

Tsunami warning systems

112
Q

How can we detect a Volcano?

A

Diagnostic precures with an increase of gas emission and tremors

113
Q

What is short and long term aid?

A

Search and rescue, water and shelter

114
Q

What is insurance?

A

Covering the cost of the earthquake damage

Geography (8 decks)

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