Globalisation Flashcards
what is the acceleration of gloablisation?
the increasing rate at which the integration of economies is taking place
what are the 5 flows of globalisation?
goods
services
people
capital
infomation
what is the length of globalisation?
physical distance over which the flows travel
what is the depth of globalisation?
the extent to which connections to other people and places have occurred over time
what are the 4 types of globalisation?
economic
political
cultural
social
what is the shrinking world theory?
as travel times fall due to transport improvements, they feel closer together than in the past
how has the invention of the jet aircraft helped to contribute to a shrinking world theory? (5)
-they travel at high speeds (600mph from 10mph)
-decrease in cost and higher incomes
-Easyjet commercial companies increasing passengers (30,000-> 65 million)
-increasing amount of people traveling
-increased depth
how has containerisation helped increase the depth of globalisation? (6)
-all are standard size TEU (20ft)
-95% of global trade occurs with containers
-big sizes mean more can be transported in a short amount of time
-use of intermodal containers mean there is a decrease in loading and unloading times
-increased efficiency and so more production anywhere in the world
-decrease the cost so increase in sales to different countries
how has the use of fibre optic cables allowed for an increased shrinking world theory? (4)
-99% of data is transferred this way
-travels at the speed of light
-is able to transport information, services, and capital
-development of online banking makes it more accessible so increased FDI
-11,000 financial institutions sending over £14 million of messages a day
how has fibre optic cables facilitated the increasing flow of information? (3)
-there is an increase in development of social media
-increased connectivity between different countries
-growth of online communities with shared interests - use hashtag
what is the IMF?
they give loans to countries to help prevent economic collapse
what do countries have to agree to in order for the IMF to help them?
they have to agree to run free market economies and be open to FDI from TNCs
what is the case study for the IMF helping a country?
Ghana 2015
why was Ghana in need for the IMF to help them?
too much government spending to pay salaries of the overgrown civil service
how did Ghana end up in a bad economic position?
they use short-term loans from private companies which led to increased debt
what did the IMF do to help Ghana?
they gave Ghana a $918 million loan and made them cut government spending and gave them 28 FDI projects
who is the world bank?
they give money to developing countries who are looking to increase their levels of development
what is the case study for the World Bank?
Phillippines 2014
how did the world bank help the Philippines in 2014?
-they gave them a $470 million loan for a poverty reduction program
-the developed rural infrastructure to help more roads to markets
what happened after the world bank assisted the Philippines?
5% of household annual income increase
7% product increase
10% of GDP comes from agriculture
who are the world trade organisation?
they advocate liberalization for goods and asks countries to abandon protectionism for untaxed trade
what is the case study for the world trade organisation?
the doha round 2001
what was the doha round?
it was to reduce subsidies to 2.5% the value for developed countries
what is a trade bloc?
3 or more multi-lateral agreements between national goverments
how can a trade bloc accelerate globalisation?
an enlarged market leads to more customers
more decreasing cost of products so improved economy
more cheaper goods being sold to other countires
what are the 2 case studies for trade blocs?
EU & ASEAN (association of southeast Asian nations)
what is an sez?
a special economic zone within a country that have special conditions
what is the case study for an SEZ?
Shenzhen, China
how did the SEZ assist China?
it allowed for the 1978 open door policy which allowed FDI
-it became industrialized
what 2 indicators are used to measure globalisation?
KOF and AT Kearny Index
what is the KOF index?
the measure of how globalized a country is
-social and political globalisation
what is the at kearney index?
measurement of how globalised cities are such as FDI and trade
what are the 2 main roles of TNC’s in accelerating globalisation?
media and global production networks
how have the media influenced the acceleration of globalisation?
promote high brand TNC value
-promoting products through advertising
-film companies
how does the global production network accelerate globalisation?
large corporation establish outsourcing with TNCs and souring within the EU trade bloc to reduce taxes
what are the 2 case studies for countries being switched off for globalisation?
north kora and the Sahel reigon
how is north korea switched off from globalisation?
-they have chosen to be politically isolated
-chose to restrict the flow of information
-have their own version of the internet that only a few can reach (kuangmyong)
-prevents foreign contact
-chooses to ignore law such as nuclear testing
how is the Sahel region switched off from globalisation?
-physical geography makes it difficult to farm crops
-edge of Hadley cell and so warm dry air descends
-soil moisture is low and so cannot farm
-low eco-development as low jobs
what is global shift?
relocating of the economic center of gravity from America to south east asia.
what has facilitated the global shift? (3)
containerisation
fibre optic cables
flow of capital
what are the 4 benefits of the global shift?
-reliable wages
-poverty reduction
-investment in education and training to upskill the workforce
-develop infrastructure
what are the 5 costs of the global shift?
-unsafe working conditions
-increased population density
-loss of productive land for industrialization
-pollution
-increased incomes leading to unsustainable lifestyles
how has the global shift impacted China? (4)
-decrease in poverty
-increase rural-to-urban migration
-workers have higher disposable income
-created positive multiplier effect
how has the global shift impacted India?
-broadband capacity is high
-high skilled workforce
-low cost workers
what are 2 social challenges of migration?
increasing population meaning not enough housing
-aging population in rural areas
what are 2 environmental challenges of migration?
-air pollution from industry
-untreated sewage
what is a global hub?
a highly connected city
what are some features of global hubs? (4)
-have good natural resources so can trade
-strong human resource population so high labour force
-high kearney index score
-high levels of investment
what are 3 migration benifits to the host?
-fill labour shortages
-increase tax and employees
-provide employment
what are 3 migration benefits to the source?
-benefit of the flow of capital from the host country
-less public spending on housing
-migrants bring back skills and ideas
what is a migration cost to the host?
social tensions such as a strain on local services and primary school places
what is a migration cost to the source?
the economic loss of a generation of human resources and reduced economic growth as skill shortages
how are TNCs responsible for westernisation?
-create unform products
-people want to buy products
-provide people with ways to get the product
MC SPICY PANEER
how are the global media responsible for westernisation?
accused of media hegemony so creates the western people as the heroes such as princesses and celebrities
how are migration and tourism responsible for westernisation?
tourist destinations will cater to tourists to make it successful such as English signs in foreign countries
how is the loss of language a negative consequence of the spread of global culture?
english is associated with socioeconomic advancement so more people will speak English to reduce the risk of poverty
how is the changing diets in Asia a negative consequence of the spread of global culture?
there is an increase in income so more people buy meat. more demand so more livestock farming. more soya plantations so deforestation occurs faster
how is the loss of the tribes of Arizonia a negative consequence of the spread of global culture?
they occupied lands and lived sustainably and were then interrupted. younger generations were made aware of western culture and so reduce traditions and slowly lose it.
how is increasing equality in the form of better treatment of minority groups a positive influence of the spread of global culutre?
the gender pay gap is decreasing from 28% to 20%. women in saudi arabia are now allowed to vote since 2015
what are 2 reasons for the growing inequalities?
-the spread of capitalism
-capitalism is the free market economy and the right to gain accumulated wealth
why is globalization leading to inequalities in enviromental degriation?
outsourcing is causing fossil feuls to be burnt si will increase pollution levels
what are the 2 economic terms used to measure the inequalites between countires?
-GDP
-income per capita
what are the 2 social measures to measure the inequalities between countries?
-human development index
-gender equality index
how can tensions be caused by the flow of people within a country? (4) EU
-european union allow the free movement of people
-more people move to the UK
-more government budget to spend
-strain of services
how can tension rise between countries? (4)
dams
-increase requirement for hydroelectric power
-dams installed
-people lower down the river have reduced sag
-negative impacts on agriculture so conflict
what are 3 flows that have attempted the spread of globalisation?
-goods
-infomation
-people
how has environmental insecurity caused by globalisation?
-population growth
-increased trade
-increased strain on natural resources
how is globalisation linked to increased carbon footprints?
tncs develop outsourcing
take advantage of lower labour costs
increased co2 emmissions
how can local sourcing address the challenges of globalisation?
reduces demand and carbon footprint
