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Globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the acceleration of gloablisation?

A

the increasing rate at which the integration of economies is taking place

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2
Q

what are the 5 flows of globalisation?

A

goods
services
people
capital
infomation

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3
Q

what is the length of globalisation?

A

physical distance over which the flows travel

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4
Q

what is the depth of globalisation?

A

the extent to which connections to other people and places have occurred over time

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of globalisation?

A

economic
political
cultural
social

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6
Q

what is the shrinking world theory?

A

as travel times fall due to transport improvements, they feel closer together than in the past

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7
Q

how has the invention of the jet aircraft helped to contribute to a shrinking world theory? (5)

A

-they travel at high speeds (600mph from 10mph)
-decrease in cost and higher incomes
-Easyjet commercial companies increasing passengers (30,000-> 65 million)
-increasing amount of people traveling
-increased depth

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8
Q

how has containerisation helped increase the depth of globalisation? (6)

A

-all are standard size TEU (20ft)
-95% of global trade occurs with containers
-big sizes mean more can be transported in a short amount of time
-use of intermodal containers mean there is a decrease in loading and unloading times
-increased efficiency and so more production anywhere in the world
-decrease the cost so increase in sales to different countries

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9
Q

how has the use of fibre optic cables allowed for an increased shrinking world theory? (4)

A

-99% of data is transferred this way
-travels at the speed of light
-is able to transport information, services, and capital
-development of online banking makes it more accessible so increased FDI
-11,000 financial institutions sending over £14 million of messages a day

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10
Q

how has fibre optic cables facilitated the increasing flow of information? (3)

A

-there is an increase in development of social media
-increased connectivity between different countries
-growth of online communities with shared interests - use hashtag

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11
Q

what is the IMF?

A

they give loans to countries to help prevent economic collapse

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12
Q

what do countries have to agree to in order for the IMF to help them?

A

they have to agree to run free market economies and be open to FDI from TNCs

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13
Q

what is the case study for the IMF helping a country?

A

Ghana 2015

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14
Q

why was Ghana in need for the IMF to help them?

A

too much government spending to pay salaries of the overgrown civil service

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15
Q

how did Ghana end up in a bad economic position?

A

they use short-term loans from private companies which led to increased debt

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16
Q

what did the IMF do to help Ghana?

A

they gave Ghana a $918 million loan and made them cut government spending and gave them 28 FDI projects

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17
Q

who is the world bank?

A

they give money to developing countries who are looking to increase their levels of development

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18
Q

what is the case study for the World Bank?

A

Phillippines 2014

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19
Q

how did the world bank help the Philippines in 2014?

A

-they gave them a $470 million loan for a poverty reduction program
-the developed rural infrastructure to help more roads to markets

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20
Q

what happened after the world bank assisted the Philippines?

A

5% of household annual income increase
7% product increase
10% of GDP comes from agriculture

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21
Q

who are the world trade organisation?

A

they advocate liberalization for goods and asks countries to abandon protectionism for untaxed trade

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22
Q

what is the case study for the world trade organisation?

A

the doha round 2001

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23
Q

what was the doha round?

A

it was to reduce subsidies to 2.5% the value for developed countries

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24
Q

what is a trade bloc?

A

3 or more multi-lateral agreements between national goverments

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25
Q

how can a trade bloc accelerate globalisation?

A

an enlarged market leads to more customers
more decreasing cost of products so improved economy
more cheaper goods being sold to other countires

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26
Q

what are the 2 case studies for trade blocs?

A

EU & ASEAN (association of southeast Asian nations)

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27
Q

what is an sez?

A

a special economic zone within a country that have special conditions

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28
Q

what is the case study for an SEZ?

A

Shenzhen, China

29
Q

how did the SEZ assist China?

A

it allowed for the 1978 open door policy which allowed FDI
-it became industrialized

30
Q

what 2 indicators are used to measure globalisation?

A

KOF and AT Kearny Index

31
Q

what is the KOF index?

A

the measure of how globalized a country is
-social and political globalisation

32
Q

what is the at kearney index?

A

measurement of how globalised cities are such as FDI and trade

33
Q

what are the 2 main roles of TNC’s in accelerating globalisation?

A

media and global production networks

34
Q

how have the media influenced the acceleration of globalisation?

A

promote high brand TNC value
-promoting products through advertising
-film companies

35
Q

how does the global production network accelerate globalisation?

A

large corporation establish outsourcing with TNCs and souring within the EU trade bloc to reduce taxes

36
Q

what are the 2 case studies for countries being switched off for globalisation?

A

north kora and the Sahel reigon

37
Q

how is north korea switched off from globalisation?

A

-they have chosen to be politically isolated
-chose to restrict the flow of information
-have their own version of the internet that only a few can reach (kuangmyong)
-prevents foreign contact
-chooses to ignore law such as nuclear testing

38
Q

how is the Sahel region switched off from globalisation?

A

-physical geography makes it difficult to farm crops
-edge of Hadley cell and so warm dry air descends
-soil moisture is low and so cannot farm
-low eco-development as low jobs

39
Q

what is global shift?

A

relocating of the economic center of gravity from America to south east asia.

40
Q

what has facilitated the global shift? (3)

A

containerisation
fibre optic cables
flow of capital

41
Q

what are the 4 benefits of the global shift?

A

-reliable wages
-poverty reduction
-investment in education and training to upskill the workforce
-develop infrastructure

42
Q

what are the 5 costs of the global shift?

A

-unsafe working conditions
-increased population density
-loss of productive land for industrialization
-pollution
-increased incomes leading to unsustainable lifestyles

43
Q

how has the global shift impacted China? (4)

A

-decrease in poverty
-increase rural-to-urban migration
-workers have higher disposable income
-created positive multiplier effect

44
Q

how has the global shift impacted India?

A

-broadband capacity is high
-high skilled workforce
-low cost workers

45
Q

what are 2 social challenges of migration?

A

increasing population meaning not enough housing
-aging population in rural areas

46
Q

what are 2 environmental challenges of migration?

A

-air pollution from industry
-untreated sewage

47
Q

what is a global hub?

A

a highly connected city

48
Q

what are some features of global hubs? (4)

A

-have good natural resources so can trade
-strong human resource population so high labour force
-high kearney index score
-high levels of investment

49
Q

what are 3 migration benifits to the host?

A

-fill labour shortages
-increase tax and employees
-provide employment

50
Q

what are 3 migration benefits to the source?

A

-benefit of the flow of capital from the host country
-less public spending on housing
-migrants bring back skills and ideas

51
Q

what is a migration cost to the host?

A

social tensions such as a strain on local services and primary school places

52
Q

what is a migration cost to the source?

A

the economic loss of a generation of human resources and reduced economic growth as skill shortages

53
Q

how are TNCs responsible for westernisation?

A

-create unform products
-people want to buy products
-provide people with ways to get the product
MC SPICY PANEER

54
Q

how are the global media responsible for westernisation?

A

accused of media hegemony so creates the western people as the heroes such as princesses and celebrities

55
Q

how are migration and tourism responsible for westernisation?

A

tourist destinations will cater to tourists to make it successful such as English signs in foreign countries

56
Q

how is the loss of language a negative consequence of the spread of global culture?

A

english is associated with socioeconomic advancement so more people will speak English to reduce the risk of poverty

57
Q

how is the changing diets in Asia a negative consequence of the spread of global culture?

A

there is an increase in income so more people buy meat. more demand so more livestock farming. more soya plantations so deforestation occurs faster

58
Q

how is the loss of the tribes of Arizonia a negative consequence of the spread of global culture?

A

they occupied lands and lived sustainably and were then interrupted. younger generations were made aware of western culture and so reduce traditions and slowly lose it.

59
Q

how is increasing equality in the form of better treatment of minority groups a positive influence of the spread of global culutre?

A

the gender pay gap is decreasing from 28% to 20%. women in saudi arabia are now allowed to vote since 2015

60
Q

what are 2 reasons for the growing inequalities?

A

-the spread of capitalism
-capitalism is the free market economy and the right to gain accumulated wealth

61
Q

why is globalization leading to inequalities in enviromental degriation?

A

outsourcing is causing fossil feuls to be burnt si will increase pollution levels

62
Q

what are the 2 economic terms used to measure the inequalites between countires?

A

-GDP
-income per capita

63
Q

what are the 2 social measures to measure the inequalities between countries?

A

-human development index
-gender equality index

64
Q

how can tensions be caused by the flow of people within a country? (4) EU

A

-european union allow the free movement of people
-more people move to the UK
-more government budget to spend
-strain of services

65
Q

how can tension rise between countries? (4)
dams

A

-increase requirement for hydroelectric power
-dams installed
-people lower down the river have reduced sag
-negative impacts on agriculture so conflict

66
Q

what are 3 flows that have attempted the spread of globalisation?

A

-goods
-infomation
-people

67
Q

how has environmental insecurity caused by globalisation?

A

-population growth
-increased trade
-increased strain on natural resources

68
Q

how is globalisation linked to increased carbon footprints?

A

tncs develop outsourcing
take advantage of lower labour costs
increased co2 emmissions

69
Q

how can local sourcing address the challenges of globalisation?

A

reduces demand and carbon footprint

Geography (8 decks)

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