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A-Level Geography > Water > Flashcards

Water Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of the world’s water is freshwater?

A

2.5%

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2
Q

What percentage of the world’s water is easily accessible for use by humans?

A

1% of freshwater

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3
Q

What is the duration that water is in a store called?

A

Residence time

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4
Q

What is the boundary of a drainage basin called?

A

Watershed

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5
Q

What are the inputs of a drainage basin?

A

Precipitation

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6
Q

What are the outputs of a drainage basin?

A

Evaporation
Transpiration
Discharge

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7
Q

What are the flows of a drainage basin?

A 
Throughflow
Groundwater flow
Channel flow
Infiltration
Percolation
Surface Runoff
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8
Q

What physical factors influence the drainage basin?

A 
Relief
Soil
Biomass
Geology
Climate
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9
Q

What human factors influence the drainage basin?

A

Deforestation/Afforestation
Urbanisation
River management
Land use

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10
Q

Define river regime

A

The change in river discharge through the year

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of a storm hydrograph?

A

Storm event, lag time, rising limb, falling limb, peak discharge

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12
Q

What is a Hadley Cell?

A

Rising air due to solar heating is replaced by air mass from other latitudes, creating a cycle

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13
Q

Which way do the trade winds go in El Nino?

A

West to East (reversed)

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14
Q

How does El Nino affect Australia?

A

Droughts

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15
Q

How does El Nino affect South America?

A

Low pressure and flooding

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16
Q

Which way do the trade winds go in La Nina?

A

East to West (intensified)

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17
Q

What is the progression of drought?

A

Meteorological, hydrological, agricultural, famine

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18
Q

How is meteorological drought defined?

A

A period of time with less than a certain amount of precipitation

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19
Q

How is hydrological drought defined?

A

The effect of precipitation deficit on a drainage basin’s fluxes and stores of water

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20
Q

How is agricultural drought defined?

A

Soil moisture is insufficient for crop growth and production

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21
Q

How is famine drought defined?

A

Decline in availability or access to food caused by drought

22
Q

What is the water balance equation?

A

P = Q + E ± S

23
Q

What does P stand for in the water balance equation?

A

Precipitation

24
Q

What does Q stand for in the water balance equation?

A

Runoff / river discharge

25
Q

What does E stand for in the water balance equation?

A

Evapotranspiration

26
Q

What does S stand for in the water balance equation?

A

Soil moisture and groundwater storage

27
Q

What “drives” the water cycle?

A

Solar Power

28
Q

How much of the world’s water is in the oceans?

A

97%

29
Q

How much of the world’s water is in the atmosphere?

A

0.001%

30
Q

How much of the world’s water is in the biosphere?

A

0.003% of freshwater

31
Q

How much of the world’s water is in the cryosphere?

A

69% of freshwater

32
Q

How much of the world’s water is groundwater?

A

30% of freshwater

33
Q

How much of the world’s water is surface water?

A

1.2% of freshwater

34
Q

Which water stores are non-renewable?

A

Fossil water, cryosphere

35
Q

What are the causes of drought?

A

Precipitation deficit, ENSO, global warming

36
Q

Define fossil water

A

Water that infiltrated millennia ago under different climatic conditions to now, which has been stored since then

37
Q

How does human activity increase drought risk?

A

Global warming

Over-abstraction of ground- and surface-water

38
Q

What factors increase uncertainties in the hydrological cycle?

A

Global warming

ENSO

39
Q

How does climate change affect the hydrological cycle?

A

Size of cryosphere, reservoirs/lakes, soil moisture
Rates of runoff and stream flow
Drainage basin inputs/outputs

40
Q

What defines water stress?

A

Below 1,700 m³ / person

41
Q

What defines water scarcity?

A

Below 1000 m³ / person

42
Q

What causes water stress and scarcity?

A

Imbalance between water supply and demand

43
Q

What is drip irrigation?

A

Gradually but directly dripping water to the plants’ roots, reducing evaporation

44
Q

What is grey water?

A

Relatively clean waste water from the bathroom (NOT toilets) and kitchen appliances

45
Q

What is rainwater harvesting?

A

Accumulating and storing rainwater for reuse, disallowing surface run-off

46
Q

What is catchment?

A

Storing rainwater in large reservoirs

47
Q

How does La Nina affect Australia?

A

Increased rainfall

48
Q

How often are El Nino/La Nina events?

A

Anywhere from 2-7 years

Unpredictable

49
Q

What does ENSO stand for?

A

El Nino-Southern Oscillation

50
Q

How does La Nina affect South America?

A

Drought

51
Q

How does La Nina affect North America?

A

Drought in the southwest

A-Level Geography (14 decks)

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