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A-Level Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define globalisation

A

The widening and deepening of global connections, interdependence, and flows (of commodities, capital, information and people)

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2
Q

Why is the world “shrinking”?

A

Due to advances in transport and trade

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3
Q

What are some 19th-Century developments towards a “shrinking” world?

A

Railways, telegraph lines and steam ships

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4
Q

What are some 20th-Century developments towards a “shrinking” world?

A

Jet aircraft and containerisation

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5
Q

What is time-space compression?

A

Information and goods can move globally quicker and cheaper, due to rapid development of ICT

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6
Q

When and where were the World Bank and IMF Established?

A

Bretton Woods 1944

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7
Q

Where are the World Bank and IMF based?

A

Washington, D.C.

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8
Q

What does IMF stand for?

A

International Monetary Fund

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9
Q

What does the World Bank do?

A

Uses deposits from wealthy nations to loan for development. The loanee has conditions imposed, such as adopting a free market

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10
Q

What does the IMF do?

A

Maintains international financial stability through loans. Loanees must privatise government assets; leading to poor countries selling to wealthy TNCs

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11
Q

What does WTO stand for?

A

World Trade Organization

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12
Q

Where is the WTO based?

A

Geneva, Switzerland

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13
Q

What does the WTO do?

A

Promotes free trade without subsidies or tariffs. This is “trade liberalisation”

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14
Q

What do International Trade Blocs do?

A

Trading blocs support trade between members by removing tariffs, creating barriers on non-members, or introducing subsidies

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15
Q

Why can’t most countries offer subsidies?

A

It is against WTO rules

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16
Q

How come the EU and USA offer subsidies?

A

They are too powerful to be influenced by the WTO

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17
Q

What is foreign direct investment?

A

Investment made by a company or government into an overseas company or organisation

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18
Q

When did China set up SEZs?

A

After the 1978 ‘open door policy’ allowing international business

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19
Q

What does SEZ stand for?

A

Special Economic Zone

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20
Q

How many SEZs were initially set up?

A

4

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21
Q

How did the SEZs attract investments and international business?

A

They offered tax incentives and cheap labour

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22
Q

By what year did 50% of Chinese exports came from foreign companies involved with SEZs?

A

2005

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23
Q

By 2005, what proportion of Chinese exports came from foreign companies involved with SEZs?

A

50%

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24
Q

What factors dictate the degree of globalisation of a nation?

A

Governance, trade and development

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25
Who produces the KOF Index?
The Swiss Economic Institute
26
What are the components of the KOF Index?
Economic, Social and Political globalisation
27
Who are the most globalised nations according to the KOF Index?
The Netherlands, Ireland and Belgium
28
Who produces the A T Kearney Index?
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
29
What are the components of the A T Kearney Index?
Political, Technological, Personal contact, and Economic
30
What does Personal Contact mean for the A T Kearney Index?
How globalised individual citizens are, e.g. telephone calls, travel, remittances
31
Who are the most globalised nations according to the A T Kearney Index?
Singapore and Switzerland
32
How do TNCs play a role in globalisation?
Global production networks, which develop new markets. | They outsource and offshore work and production
33
Why do TNCs outsource and offshore?
Cheaper labour and production
34
What is a New Economy?
Where GDP is earned more through the knowledge sector than from manufacture
35
What is off-shoring?
When a company does some of its work overseas
36
What is outsourcing?
When work is contracted out for another company to do
37
For what reasons might a country be switched-off to globalisation?
Geographic location, political ideologies, lack of economic potential
38
What is an example of a switched-off country?
Zambia
39
When did the Global Shift of industry begin?
1970s and 1980s
40
Which nation did the service industry become mainly outsourced to?
India
41
Which nation did the manufacture industry move to?
China
42
What benefits are brought by economic restructuring?
Improved infrastructure, investment, and employment
43
What is the Global Shift also referred to as for individual countries?
Economic restructuring
44
How has China benefitted from the Global Shift?
World's longest highway network
45
How has Shanghai benefitted from the Global Shift?
The Maglev; the fastest commercial train ever - over 400 km/h
46
What are some costs of economic restructuring?
Loss of productive land | Unplanned settlements
47
What percentage of China's rivers and lakes are polluted?
70%
48
How many of the Yangtze's tributaries aren't even fit for irrigation?
207
49
What percentage of China's farmland is suffering from degradation?
40%
50
How is China's farmland degrading in the south?
Acidification by industry
51
Give an example of over-exploitation of resources in developing countries
The Amazonian rainforest has been mostly cleared in Ecuador
52
What is a disadvantage of the Global Shift for developed nations, and an example?
Dereliction, depopulation, out-migration, crime and unemployment, e.g. Leicester textile companies closed
53
What is hyper-urbanisation?
Population growth outpaces the ability of the authorities to provide basic services
54
Where is an example of hyper-urbanisation?
Mumbai, India
55
Where is an example of migrant workers sending remittances home?
Filipinos in Saudi Arabia
56
How does international migration benefit the host nation?
Receives skilled workers in sectors with shortages, and is able to sustain the lifestyle of its middle class
57
How does international migration disadvantage the host nation?
There may be pressure on housing and services
58
How does international migration benefit the source nation?
Reduces unemployment, and earns remittances to help build local businesses
59
How does international migration disadvantage the source nation?
It suffers an imbalanced population and loses skilled workers
60
Who notably owns many Australian, British, and American news outlets?
Rupert Murdoch's News Corp.
61
What is the proportion of the assets of the 'super-rich' in China?
Top-1% own one-third of the property and industry
62
How did the development gap change from 1980 to 2012?
It increased
63
Between what years did the development gap increase?
1980 to 2012
64
Which two types of nation grew the most from 1980 to 2012?
Advanced economies | Newly-industrialised Asian economies
65
Define cultural diffusion
The spread of one culture to another by various means
66
What has happened because of China's changing eating habits?
Obesity increased five times from 2002-2013
67
How has China's diet changed?
More processed foods | More animal protein (pork and poultry)
68
What does HDI stand for?
Human Development Index
69
What are the four factors of HDI?
Life expectancy, literacy, years of education, GDP/capita
70
What is the scale of HDI?
0 to 1
71
What does GNI stand for?
Gross National Income
72
What is GNI?
The value of goods and services earned by a country, including overseas earnings
73
What is GDP?
The value of goods and services earned by a country, excluding overseas earnings
74
What does GDP stand for?
Gross Domestic Product
75
What does PPP stand for?
Purchasing Power Parity
76
What is PPP?
How much average earnings could buy you
77
What is economic sector balance?
The relative contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors to GNI
78
What does GII stand for?
Gender Inequality Index
79
What are the indicators for GII?
Reproductive health, empowerment, education and employment
80
What is the Lorenz curve?
A graph of the percentage of income each percentage of population earns
81
What is the Gini index?
The income distribution on a scale of 100% | 0 is perfect equality
82
How is wealth distributed in China?
Wealthier cities on the east coast; poorer as you move inland
83
What is life like in the Sichuan province, around the Three Gorges Dam?
China's dirtiest cities (30m people) | Thousands of premature deaths due to polluted air
84
Why is London so multicultural?
Open borders of the EU
85
How have cities like London become more economically diverse?
FDI
86
What negatives have been brought about by immigration?
Extreme political parties | Trans-border water conflicts (Mekong)
87
How have nations attempted to control globalisation (information and ideas)?
Censorship (China) - The State controls media and the internet
88
How have nations attempted to control globalisation (economic)?
Trade protectionism - Introducing tariffs on the imports of some goods
89
Why did Tata Steel put all of its UK plants on sale?
Cheap, subsidised Chinese steel was saturating the market
90
How did Canadian people object to cultural globalisation?
First Nation peoples protesting resource exploitation of historical land
91
When was the Open Door Policy?
1978
92
What are some 21st-Century developments towards a "shrinking" world?
ICT, mobile phones, internet (fibre optics), social networking, electronic banking
93
How do the IMF and World Bank differ?
WB primarily lends money for developing countries | IMF oversees international exchange rates and payments, and loans for members' international debts
94
How long is China's highway system?
almost | 140,000 km
95
How have international organisations contributed to | globalisation?
Promotion of free trade policies and foreign direct investment
96
How have national governments contributed to | globalisation?
By promoting free trade blocs and through policies (e.g. free market; privatisation)
97
How do different measures contrast with each-other about the impacts of globalisation?
Economic measures disagree with social measures
98
How have nations attempted to control globalisation?
Censorship (N. Korea, China) | Immigration (UK, Japan)

A-Level Geography (14 decks)

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