WASH

Question 1

Sanitation ladder (toilets) (5)

Answer 1

1. Open defecation
2. Unimproved - pit latrines without a slab or platform
3. Limited - improved but shared by two or more households
4. Basic - improved, not shared
5. Safely managed

Question 2

VIP latrine

Answer 2

Hole in the ground, sealed with a vent pipe which helps to trap flies and release odour. You want the slabs of rough facing up towards the wind to create airflow. It should not be sealed to let urine out

Question 3

Drinking water ladder (5)

Answer 3

1. Surface water
2. Unimproved - open wells or unprotected springs
3. Limited - improved source but requires more than 30 minutes travel/queueing
4. Basic - improved source in 30 minutes
5. Safely managed

Question 4

Improved sources of water (4)

Answer 4

1. Piped water
2. Protected wells and springs
3. Rainwater collections which are covered
4. Borehole

Question 5

Unimproved sources of water (3)

Answer 5

1. Surface water
2. Unprotected wells and springs
3. Tanker truck/vendor provided water (unregulated)

Question 6

Water-borne infection definition, pathogen associated and some examples (3)

Answer 6

1. Transmission by ingestion of contaminated water
2. Bacteria, viruses and protozoa (e.g. cholera, dysentry)

Question 7

Water-based infection definition, pathogen associated and some examples (3)

Answer 7

1. Caused by organisms that require water for some of their life cycle
2. Helminths e.g. schistosomiases

Question 8

Water-washed infection - definition, pathogen associated and some examples (3)

Answer 8

1. Infections due to inadequate hygiene due to a limited water supply
2. Trachoma

Question 9

Water-related infection - definition, pathogen associated and some examples (3)

Answer 9

1. Influenced by the presence of water as it allows for reproduction of vectors
2. Vector borne - Malaria, dengue