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ID study > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Mpox - definition

A

Zoonotic orthopox virus with main animal reservoir being rodents

Clade II - West African - IIb the cause of outbreak MSM in 2022

Clade I - Central African

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2
Q

Mpox - transmission

A

Person to person through direct contact, respiratory secretions, low risk through touching clothing, mother to child during pregnancy

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3
Q

Mpox clinical symptoms

A

Day 1 - 5 Prodrome with fever, headache, fever
Macules to papulses to vesicles to pustules to scabs
Proctitis, pharyngitis, abscesses, pneumonia, encephalitis in severe cases (HIV CD4 <50)

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4
Q

Yellow fever - definition

A

Flavirvirus transmitted by aedes agypti mosquito endemic in South America and Africa. Howler monkey included in the life cycle (human is a dead end host)

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5
Q

Yellow fever clinical features

A

Asymptomatic
Fever, chills, headache, myalgia
Liver failure, encephalitis and DIC in severe cases

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6
Q

Yellow fever vaccination contraindications and considerations

A

Live attenuated vaccine and needs embryonated egg and cold chain

Avoid in immunocompromised
Elderly at greater risk of complications like viscerotropic disease and neurotropic disease
Hypersensitivity reactions (egg allergy as well)
Infants
1st degree relative with viscerotropic or neurotropic complications
Avoid in thymus disorder (MG, thymectomy)

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7
Q

Chikungunya definition and clinical syndrome

A

Alphavirus
Similar presentation to dengue
Vaccine available
Has been known to cause perinatal infections and encephalitis in neonates

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8
Q

Oropuche virus definition and clinical syndrome

A

Transmitted by midges
Often asymptomatic, with some reports of vertical transmission

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9
Q

Zika - definition

A

Flavivirus transmitted by aedes agypti/albopictus as well as sexual transmission and mother to child. No vaccination

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10
Q

Zika virus - clinical presentation

A

Incubation 3-12 days
Rash, fever, joint pain, conjunctivitis, headache, myalgia
Asymptomatic (80%)

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11
Q

Zika virus complications

A
  1. Congenital including microcephaly, developmental delay, epilepsy and eye complications (macular scarring, cataracts, glaucoma)
  2. Neurological GBS
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12
Q

Zika virus diagnostics

A
  1. PCR
    - Blood and urine (urine lasts longer)
    - Helpful in early infection or in detecting it in placental/umbilical cord blood
  2. Serology
    - Lots of cross-reactivity with other arboviruses
    - Can be helpful to watch IgM seroconvert to IgG
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13
Q

HTLV1 definition

A

RNA retrovirus spread by cell to cell contact

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14
Q

HTLV1 geographical distribution

A

Japan, Latin America, Caribbean, Africa, Central Australia

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15
Q

HLTV1 transmission

A

Vertical, horizontal, blood contacts

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16
Q

HTLV1 - clinical presentation

A

95% asymptomatic
HTLV1 associated myelopathy (HAM) or tropical spastic paraparesis
Adult T cell lymphoma/leukaemia

17
Q

Systemic complications of HTLV1

A

Infective dermatitis, strongyloides, autoimmune

18
Q

HTLV1 - diagnostics

A

Serology EIA/Western blots, Provial PCR

19
Q

Lassa fever - transmission, diagnosis, management

A

Arenaviridae virus
Associated with infected rodents but can have human to human transmission through contact with body fluids

Dx: ELISA for antigen detecttion
PCR

Mx: Ribavirin, supportive

20
Q

Ebola - features, management, prevention

A

Filoviridae
Days 1-3 flu like illness
Days 4-7 GI and haemorrhagic symptkms
Days 7-10 severe phase with multi organ failure

Mx: supportive

Ring vaccination strategy with VSV live-attenuated vaccine

21
Q

Sudan virus features, diagnosis, treatment

A

2-21 day incubation period
Flu-like illness –> vomiting and diarrhoea, rash and conjunctivitis

PCR + ELISA

Mx supportive and remdesivir, monoclonal antibodies have been registered in Uganda for compassionate use

22
Q

Crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever summary

A

Tick bites or contact with infected animal tissue
Human to human transmission is rare

Symptoms usually 1-3 days after tick bite

Characterised by thrombocytopenia compared to other VHF

23
Q

Yellow fever - type of virus

A

Flavivirus

24
Q

Yellow fever - epidemiology

A

Africa + South America

25
Q

Yellow fever - predictors of severe disease

A

Age >45 years
High viral load
AST >3500
Neutropenia
Hyperbilirubinaemia
Renal failure

26
Q

Polio - cause

A

Poliovirus - entero RNA virus with 3 serotypes, serotype 1 being the most severe

27
Q

Polio - transmission

A

Faecal-oral/pharyngeal

28
Q

Polio - symptoms

A

Flaccid paralysis
Incubation 7-14 days

29
Q

Polio vaccination strategies

A

IPV “killed” vaccine

OPV “live” vaccine
- Easy to administer as oral
- Greater enteric immunity
- Can transmit the vaccine between people

but

  • Generally less seroconversion seen in the tropics
  • Very small risk of paralysis (1 per million) which is why the killed vaccine is broadly used

ID study (22 decks)

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