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ID study > Virology > Flashcards

Virology Flashcards

1
Q

Which hepatitis has the highest risk of fulminant hepatitis in pregnancy?

A

Hepatitis E

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2
Q

Hepatitis A summary

A

Faeco-oral
Asymptomatic in many children
Jaundice and transaminitis in adults more likely
Diagnose with serology
Effective vaccine available

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3
Q

Hepatitis B summary

A

Diagnosis: HBcAb (evidence of previous infection), HBsAg (6 months = chronic), HBcIgM (acute infection), Anti-HBs (cleared infection)

Management: tenofovir or entecavir

Prevent mother to child transmission with antivirals, immunoglobulin and vaccination

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4
Q

Hepatitis C summary

A

Chronic: Complications like cirrhosis, HCC, liver failure

Treatment: Direct acting antiviral (DAA)

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5
Q

Hepatitis D

A

Can only occur as a co-infection with HBV, can have rapid progression to cirrhosis so need vaccination in hepatitis B

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6
Q

Hepatitis E summary

A

Faeco-oral, undercooked pork
Liver failure rare except in pregnancy

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7
Q

Yellow fever - definition

A

Flavirus transmitted by mosquitoes

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8
Q

Yellow fever - geographical distribution

A

Africa and South America

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9
Q

Yellow fever - cycle of transmission

A
  1. Sylvatic cycle - transmits the virus between mosquitoes and non-human primates
  2. Athropogenic - refers to effects or processes that are caused or influenced by humans e.g. urbanisation and deforestation, human migration, environmental changes due to human activities
  3. Village epidemic - bridge between the sylvatic and urban cycles of yellow fever
  4. Urban epidemic - human-to-human transmission of the virus via domestic mosquitoes

1-4 in Africa
1 and 4 only in S America

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10
Q

Yellow fever - clinical features

A

Short incubation 3-6 days

Asymptomatic or mild febrile illness with some progressing to the toxic stages of infection

Toxic phase: characterised by antibody response, not so much viraemia.
Transaminitis and liver failure
Haemorrhage
Hypoglycaemia
Acidosis

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11
Q

Risk factors for severe disease in yellow fever

A
  • Older age
  • Neutropenia
  • AST >3500
  • Hyperbilirubinaemia
  • High RNA levels
  • Renal dysfunction
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12
Q

Yellow fever vaccine - notes on preparation

A

Live attenuated
Single dose likely provides life-long protections
Requires a cold chain

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13
Q

Complications of the yellow fever vaccine

A

Yellow fever vaccine associated viscerotropic disease
Yellow Fever Vaccine-Associated Neurotropic Disease

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14
Q

Contrainidcations to yellow fever vaccine

A

Older age or under the age of 6 months
Allergy to eggs
Previous thymectomy or MG
Primary of acquired immunodeficiency

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15
Q

Galidesivir

A

Small molecule antiviral nucleoside analogue with some survival benefits shown in ebola, marburg, zika, yellow fever. Going into trials for YF

Has been used following YF vaccine administered in error in a patient post thymectomy

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16
Q

What are the key infections leading to cancers globally?

A

HPV - cervical cancer
EBV - Burkitt’s lymphoma
Hep B/C - HCC
HHV8 - Kaposi’s sarcoma
HIV - KS, NHL, cervical cancer but also other malignancies (head and neck cancers, anal cancer, lung cancer, liver
cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma, skin cancer (all types), testicular
cancer) despite being on ART

17
Q

EBV and Burkitt’s lymphoma

A
  • Highly aggressive NHL lymphoma –> called Endemic in Africa and New Guinea and is the 4th commonest cause of cancer-related mortality in Africa
  • MYC gene chromosome 8
18
Q

HHV8 and Kaposi sarcoma - 4 epidemiological forms

A
  • AIDS related/epidemic - related to low CD4 count
  • Endemic/African
  • Organ transplant associated from immunosuppression
  • Classic
19
Q

Which species of schistosomiasis is associated with bladder cancer?

A

S haematobium

20
Q

Where is Lassa fever most commonly found?

A

Sierra Leone
Nigeria
Liberia
Ghana

21
Q

Ebola - type of virus and epidemiology

A

Filovirus

Major outbreak in West Africa Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone
Sporadic outbreaks in generally rural communities in DRC, Uganda, Sudan, Gabon

22
Q

Ebola - incubation

A

2-21 days

23
Q

How many types of ebola are there?

A

4 - ebola virus, sudan virus, tai forest, bundibugyo

24
Q

Life cycle of ebola

A

Likely to circulate asymptomatically amongst fruit bats
Non-human primates, or pigs/dogs as intermediate hosts
Transmitted between humans via bodily fluids like diarrhoea, blood, sexual contact and sweat/saliva

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