Ophthalmology Flashcards
Causes of corneal scarring
Vitamin A deficiency
Measles
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Harmful traditional eye medicines
Clinical stages/signs of vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness
1A conjunctival xerosis (dry conjunctiva)
1B Bitot’s spot - white foamy patches on the conjunctiva
2 Corneal xerosis - dry, opaque cornea
3a Corneal ulcer - open sore on the cornea
XS Corneal scarring - result of untreated ulcer
Vitamin A deficiency treatment
High dose vitamin A - days 1, 2 and 14
Which condition can decompensate existing vitamin A deficiency?
Measles
Conjunctivitis in the first 28 days of life - diagnosis and cause
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Chlamydia and neisseria gonorrhoea
White pupil (leukocoria and absent red reflex) - what’s the diagnosis?
Cataracts
What are the risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity? (2)
Prematurity, low birth weight
What are the three means of prevention in retinopathy of prematurity?
Avoid oxygen toxicity in NICU
Maternal steroids
Early ROP screening
Whats the 4 step approach to assessing eye conditions?
- History - Red? Painful? Visual loss?
- Visual acuity
- Torch exam - eyelid, sclera, cornea and pupil
- Pinhole –> refractive error
Intra-ocular pressure –> glaucoma
Ophthalmascope for retinal/optic nerve disease
Red eye with a clear cornea and discharge
Conjunctivitis - topical antibiotics
Red eye with stromal infiltrate, fluorescein staining might be visible, may have hypopyon
Corneal ulcer - hourly topical antibiotics
Red eye with dendritic ulcer
HSV - aciclovir eye ointment and avoid steroids
Red eye with an irregular pupil and clear cornea
Iritis
Steroids can be given if the diagnosis is certain
Red eye, hazy cornea and poorly reactive dilated pupil
Acute glaucoma
Diamox oral
Pilocarpine drops
Blunt injury with bleeding in the eye, usually self-resolve
Hyphaema
