ward prelim Flashcards
is a vital part of public health nursing
Community Organizing Participatory Action Research
COPAR aims to transform
the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor into dynamic, participatory and politically active community
The sequence of steps whereby members of a community come together to critically assess
Process
Importance of COPAR in community development
empowers communities
builds leadership
maximizes participation
mobilizes resources
helps people take control of their own develop
encourages collaboration and problem solving among community members
Empowers communities
prepares the community to manage future development programs independently
Builds leadership
Ensures everyone’s voice is heard and increases commitment to projects
Maximizes participation
Utilizes local skills, materials, and time efficiently
Reduces dependency on external assistance, fostering self - reliance
Mobilizes resources
COPAR core principles
open to change
should be based on the interest of the community
should lead to a self-reliant community and society
Build trust and establish a strong relationship with the community to gain insight
INTEGRATION
collect detailed and accurate information about the community’s problems, needs, resources, and socio-political dynamics
SOCIAL INVESTIGATION
develop a preliminary plan of action based on community needs and available resources
TENTATIVE PROGRAM PLANNING
Prepare and mobilize the community for collective action by organizing resources, building skills, and setting the foundation
GROUNDWORK
Present the tentative plan to the community, encourage discussion and feedback, finalize the plan
MEETING
acting out the meeting that will take place between the leaders of the people and the government representatives
ROLE PLAY
way of training the people to anticipate what will happen and prepare them
ROLE PLAY
mobilizing communities to identify their needs and take sustained action through participatory and experiential learning
MOBILIZATION OR ACTION
The COPAR method includes phases of entry, organizing, sustained participation, and eventually transitioning control
MOBILIZATION OR ACTION
A process that critically examines a community project or a programme
EVALUATION
it involves collecting and analysing information about a project’s activities, characteristics, and outcomes
EVALUATION
reflective practices
REFLECTION
entails the formation of more formal structures and the inclusion of more formal procedures of planning
ORGANIZATION
where the organized leaders or groups are being given trainings
ORGANIZATION
the initial phase of the organizing process where the community organizer looks for communities to serve and help
PRE ENTRY PHASE
PRE ENTRY PHASE INCLUDES:
preparation of the institution
site selection
initial site selection
identifying potential
choose final community
Build trust, familiarize with the community, and gather initial data.
Pre entry Phase
Analyze the community’s needs and resources with the members
Entry Phase
Form and develop community groups to address identified issues.
organization building
Ensure sustainability by training leaders and developing local resources.
sustenance and strengthening
Assess the impact of the actions and prepare for the gradual exit of the facilitators.
Evaluation
also knows as “social preparation phase”
ENTRY PHASE
the organizers immerse themselves into the community
ENTRY PHASE
approached by most people
key persons
approached by key persons
opinion leader
never or hardly consulted
isolates
organization must adhere to local laws and regulation, establish constitutions and bylaws
LEGAL REQUIRMENTS
by creating key roles like chief health officer and committees and ensuring chain of command
establishment of formal structures
to appoint leaders, ensuring democratic leadership based on qualifications and objectives
elections
Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), also known as
gestational hypertension,
Gestational hypertension is classified as
mild preeclampsia , severe preeclampsia, and eclampsia
classic signs of gestational hypertension.
vision changes, typically hypertension, proteinuria, and edema
Blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or systolic pressure elevated 30 mmHg or diastolic pressure elevated 15 mmHg above prepregnancy level;
No proteinuria or edema;
Blood pressure returns to normal after birth.
GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION
Blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg or systolic pressure elevated 30 mmHg or diastolic pressure elevated 15 mmHg above prepregnancy level;
Proteinuria of 1+–2+ on a random sample;
Weight gain over 2 lb/wk in the second trimester and 1 lb/wk in the third trimester;
Mild edema in upper extremities of face.
MILD PREECLAMPSIA
Blood pressure is 160/110 mmHg;
Proteinuria 3+–4+ on a random sample and 5 g on a 24-hr sample;
Oliguria (500 ml or less in 24 hr or altered renal function tests;
Elevated serum creatinine more than 1.2 mg/dl);
Cerebral or visual disturbances (headache, blurred vision);
Pulmonary or cardiac involvement;
Extensive peripheral edema;
Hepatic dysfunction;
Thrombocytopenia;
Epigastric pain.
SEVERE PREECLAMPSIA
Either seizure or coma accompanied by signs and symptoms of preeclampsia are present.
ECLAMPSIA
Persistent or severe headaches.
Blurred vision.
Excessive swelling in the hands, face, or feet.
Unusual vomiting, especially in the second half of pregnancy.
Pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen.
Feelings of dizziness or faintness.
Subjective Data: OF PIH
Consistently elevated blood pressure readings 140/90 mmHg during 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Observable swelling in the hands, face, or feet.
Abnormal eye movements during an eye examination.
Ultrasound findings showing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
OBJECTIVE DATA OF PIH
- Deficient fluid volume related to fluid loss to subcutaneous tissue
- Social isolation related to prescribed bed rest
- Ineffective tissue perfusion related to vasoconstriction of blood vessels
- Risk for fetal injury related to reduced placental perfusion secondary to vasospasm
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Interventions for a Woman With Mild PIH:
Monitor Antiplatelet Therapy
Promote Bed Rest
Promote Good Nutrition
Provide Emotional Support
Nursing Interventions for a Woman With Mild PIH:
Support Bed Rest
Monitor Maternal Well-being
Support a Nutritious Diet
Administer Medications to Prevent Eclampsia
medications to Prevent Eclampsia
hydralazine (Apresoline), labetalol (Normodyne), or nifedipine
Medical
Management
Prenatal Appointments
Lifestyle Changes
Medications
Fetal Monitoring
