MATERNAL RLE midterm Flashcards
is a protein that can be found on the surface of red blood cells
The Rh factor
other name for RH factor
rhesus factor
rhesus, factor was discovered in
1940
who is the discoverer of RH factor
K. Landsteiner and A. S. Wiener
A person with the Rh factor on his or her red blood cells is said to be
Rh-positive (Rh+ ).
Since this person has the factor, he or she will not make
anti-Rh antibodies.
A person without the Rh factor on their red blood cells is said to be
Rh-Negative (Rh- ).
if RH negative This person WILL produce
anti Rh antibodies.
If mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, A condition called
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Rh Antigen, also called
Rhesus antigens
are transmembrane proteins expressed at the surface of erythrocytes.
Rhesus antigens
The Rh antigens are inherited as a genetically linked group known as
a haplotype.
Rh antigens are highly immunogenic, the ___ antigen is most potent
D
Exposure to less than 1 ml of Rh-positive red cells can stimulate
Ab production in an Rh-negative person.
is an inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells.
Rhesus (Rh) factor
determines the expression of the D antigen
RHD gene
determines the expression of the C, c, E, and e antigens
RHCE gene
is one of the most polymorphic and immunogenic systems known in humans.
Rh blood group system
the second most important system.
Rh system
is the most common cause of severe HDN and can cause in Utero death.
anti-D
A problem can occur when a woman who has Rh-negative blood becomes pregnant with a baby that has Rh-positive blood. This is called
Rh incompatibility
If the blood of an Rh-positive baby mixes with the blood of an Rh-negative mother during pregnancy or delivery, the mother’s immune system makes antibodies. This antibody response is called
Rh sensitization
PUFT
Para-perirenal ultrasonographic fat thickness
NSVD
Normal spontaneous vaginal delivery
CVS
chorionic villus sampling
An Rh-negative woman also can make antibodies after:
Miscarriage
Ectopic pregnancy
Induced abortion
Rh incompatibility also can cause
jaundice in a newborn
The process in which mother’s body will try to fight them off by producing antibodies against them.
SENSITIZATION
is when a baby dies in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Stillbirth
Rhesus disease causes a build-up of excessive amounts of a substance called
bilirubin
a build-up of bilirubin in the brain can lead to a neurological condition called
kernicterus.
is a condition in which a baby’s red blood cell volume falls below normal levels while the baby is developing in the womb
Fetal anemia
These check for Rh positive antibodies in your blood.
Blood tests
This test can show enlarged organs or fluid buildup in your baby.
Ultrasound
Maternal Blood test
The Kleihauer-betke test or flow cytometry
Indirect coombs test
Fetal Blood test
The direct Coombs test
Blood count
Billirubin (direct & indirect)
This condition happens when your baby’s organs aren’t able to handle the anemia.
Hydrops fetalis
Are Designed to Build Immunity in a Patient
The goal is that the individual’s immune system will create antibodies for those antigens, and become immune to the associated illness.
Prophylactic Vaccines
The human ABO blood groups were discovered by Austrian-born American biologist
Karl Landsteiner in 1901
found that there are substances in the blood, antigens and antibodies, that induce clumping of red cells when red cells of one type are added to those of a second type.
Landsteiner
The surface of the red blood cells contains A antigen, and the plasma has anti-B antibody.
Group A
The surface of the red blood cells contains B antigen, and the plasma has anti-A antibody.
Group B:
The red blood cells have both A and B antigens, but the plasma does not contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies
Group AB:
The plasma contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, but the surface of the red blood cells does not contain any A or B antigens
Group O
Management of _______________ is a major concern in newborns with ABO incompatibility.
hyperbilirubinemia
(MRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(CAT scan)
Computer Assisted Tomography
EMG)
Electromyography
has been used since 1958 for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.
Phototherapy
phototherapy causes
unconjugated bilirubin to be mobilised
is a way of treating jaundice. Special lights help break down the bilirubin in your baby’s skin so that it can be removed from his or her body
Phototherapy
They deliver light via a quartz halogen bulb and have a tendency to become quite hot so should not be positioned closer to the infant than the manufacturers
MICRO WHITE HALOGEN LIGHTS
The fluorescent blue tubes must have the serial number F20T12/BB or TL52/20W to be special phototherapy lights
FLUORO- 2 BLUE AND 2 WHITE FLUORESCENT LIGHTS
is the most effective light for reducing the bilirubin.
Blue light
This uses a halogen bulb directed into a fiberoptic mat.
OHMEDA BILIBLANKET
are not to be used on infants less than 28 weeks gestation or infants with broken or reduced skin integrity.
Biliblankets
They deliver light via a quartz halogen bulb and have a tendency to become quite hot so should not be positioned closer to the infant than the manufacturers recommendations of 52cm.
MEDELA BILIBED BLUE FLUORESCENT LIGHT
are required for the infants comfort if overhead white or blue fluorescent lights are used
Eye pads
(prevents
sensitization from occurring)
Rh Immunoglobulin
Rhesus disease causes a build-up of excessive amounts of a
substance called
bilirubin.
are abnormal
amount of fluid in the abdominal cavity
Ascites
refer to the accumulation of excessive fluid in the
pericardium.
pericardial
effusions
Your baby’s liver can’t handle the large
amount of bilirubin. So your baby’s liver grows too big. Your
baby will still have anemia
Severe jaundice.
a byproduct of the normal breakdown of red blood
cells, and in newborns, the liver may be immature and
unable to process bilirubin efficiently
Bilirubin
A life-threatening condition involving fluid
buildup in fetal tissues
Hydrops Fetalis-
Detecting antibodies attached to RBCs
Coombs Test
Assessing the newborn’s blood for damage
and hemolysis.
Cord Blood Tests
Normal, develops after 24 hours,
lasts up to the first week
Physiological Jaundice
A condition in newborns characterized by high levels of bilirubin
in the blood leading to jaundice
HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA (NEONATAL JAUNDICE)
Serious, appears within 24 hours,
due to abnormal conditions like ABO-Rh incompatibility.
Pathological Jaundice:
Develops between days 1-3, peaks
by day 5-15, declines by week 3
Breast Milk Jaundice
A tool to help mananagement of labor
PARTOGRAPH
Line between green and yellow is
Alert Line
Line between yellow and red/pink is
Action Line
CEMONC
Comprehensive
Emergency Obstetric and New born Care
LTCS-
- Low Transverse Cesarean Section
BTL–
Bilateral Tubal Ligation
IUFD-
- Intrauterine Fetal Death/Demise
TAHBSO–
Total Abdominal Hysterectomy with Bilateral
Salpingo-oophorectomy
PROM
Premature Rupture of Membranes
D&C
Dilatation/Dilation and Curettage
IUGR
Intrauterine Growth Restriction/Retardation
CPD
Cephalo-pelvic Disproportion
LGA
– Large for Gestational Age
SGA
Small for Gestational Age
RBOW
Ruptured Bag of Water
LOA
Left Occiput Anterior
HDN-
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
may indicate decrease
in oxygenation
“central cyanosis”
normal in a newborn (hands, feet, and lips
are bluish in color)
Acrocyanosis
appears on the second of third day of life as result
of the breakdown of fetal rbc.
Jaundice
sign of anemia, watch closely for signs of blood in
the stool or vomit
Pallor
when a newborn lying on his side appears
red on the dependent side and pale on the upper side does
not have any clinical significance
Harlequin Sign
white cream cheese-like substance washed
away in the first bath
Vernix Caseosa-
- fine, downy hair that covers the shoulders, arms and
back of the newborn would be rubbed away by the friction of the
bedding and clothes of the newborn
Lanugo
0.05ml
ID
R Deltoid
BCG
Six weeks
3 doses
0.5 ml
IM
Vas Ltrls.
DPT
Six weeks
3 doses
2-3 drops
PO
Mouth
OPV
At birth
3 doses
0.5 ml
IM
VasLateralis
HEPA B
Nine months
1 dose
0.5 ml
subcu.
Rightdeltoid
MEASLES
Mothers with Type O blood can develop
anti-A or anti-B antibodies that attack a fetus with blood types
A, B, or AB.
ABO Incompatibility
- Rh-negative mothers exposed to
Rh-positive fetal blood develop antibodies that may harm
subsequent Rh-positive pregnancies
Rh Incompatibility
Stimulates red blood cell production
when bone marrow cannot compensate for hemolysis
ERYTHROPOIETIN THERAPY-
