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Nutrition & Metabolism > W9 - Textbook > Flashcards

W9 - Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

What is it called when the immune system can become functionally depressed?

A

Immunodepression

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2
Q

What may immunodepression result in?

A

⬆️ susceptibility to infection

especially URTIs.

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3
Q

What can lead to immunodepression in athletes?

A

Stress i.e heavy training schedule + comp

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4
Q

What activates the innate immune system?

A

When an infectious agent tries to enter the body

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5
Q

The innate immune system is known as the 1st line of defence, what 3 general mechanisms in this have the common goal of restricting microorganism entry into the body?

A
  1. Physical/Structural barriers
  2. Chemical barriers
  3. Phagocytic cells
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6
Q

Give examples of physical/structural barriers in the 1st line defence of the innate immune system

A

Skin

Epithelial linings

Mucosal secretions

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7
Q

Give examples of chemical barriers in the 1st line defence of the innate immune system

A

pH of bodily fluids

Soluble factors

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8
Q

Give examples of phagocytic cells in the 1st line defence of the innate immune system

A

Neutrophils

Macrophages or monocytes

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9
Q

What activates the adaptive/acquired/specific immune system?

A

Infection due to failure of the innate immune system

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10
Q

Which lymphocytes play a big role in the adaptive/acquired/specific immune system?

A

T-lymphocyte

B-lymphocyte

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11
Q

What do T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte do?

A

Their receptors recognise the foreign mol (antigens) and cause specificity + memory that enable the immune system to create an augmented response when the body is REinfected by the SAME pathogen.

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12
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Organism that causes disease

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13
Q

Where do WBCs (leukocytes) comes from?

A

Stem cells of bone marrow

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14
Q

What do leukocytes consist of?

A

Granulocytes (60-70%)

Monocytes (10-15%)

Lymphocytes (20-25%)

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15
Q

What protein do all T-lymphocytes express on the cell surface?

What does this mean they are designated as?

A

CD3

Designated as: CD3+

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16
Q

What protein do all B-lymphocytes express on the cell surface?

A

CD19
CD20
CD22

17
Q

What do the T helper cells (subset of T-lymphocytes) express on their cell surface?

A

CD4

18
Q

What protein do the cytotoxic T-cells express on their cell surface?

A

CD8

19
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

Recognise short peptide sequences from antigens if on the surface of the cell + complexed w/ a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mol.

20
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Proteins acting as chemical messengers to stimulate growth, differentiation + functional development of the immune system cells through specific receptor sites on secretory cells or on adjacent cells.

21
Q

Is cytokine action confined to the immune system?

A

NO, they also influence the CNS + neuroendocrine system

22
Q

Innate immune system –> chemical barriers –> Soluble factors.

What comes under the soluble factors?

A

Lysozymes

Cytokines

Complement

Acute-phase proteins

23
Q

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

A

Natural killer cells

Phagocytes

24
Q

What are the natural killer cells in the cellular components of the innate immune system?

A

CD16+

CD56+

25
Q

What comes under the phagocytes in the cellular components of the innate immune system?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Monocytes

Macrophages

26
Q

What are the cellular components of the adaptive immune system?

A

T-cells

B-cells

27
Q

What are the SOLUBLE components of the adaptive immune system?

A

Immunoglobulins

28
Q

What does ACUTE inflammation from the inflammatory response of the immune system cause?

A

⬆️ local bf in infected area

  • Coupled w/ ⬆️ permeability of blood capillaries = facilitates entry of leukocytes + plasma proteins into the infected tissue.
29
Q

What are the overall innate immune responses to an infectious agent?

A

Tissue macrophages

Neutrophils/Nk cells

30
Q

What are the overall adaptive immune responses to an infectious agent?

A

T + B-lymphocytes

Antibodies

31
Q

What does the macrophage do to the invading microorganism?

A

Ingests + isolates it in a vacuole in the cell by phagocytosis.

Macrophage secretes digestive enzymes (i.e lysozyme + elastase) + oxidising agents (i.e H peroxide).

Antigens on microorganism are digested + processed by macrophage + incorporated into its own cell surface.

Antigen is presented to other cellular immune components.

Helper T cells coordinate the response through cytokine release to activate other immune cells.

Mature b-cell stimulation results in proliferation + differentiation into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells.

Reaction of the immunoglobulin w/ a specific antigen forms an antibody-antigen complex.

32
Q

What are antibodies essential to?

A

Antigen recognition + memory of earlier exposure to specific antigens

33
Q

What do activated T-lymphocytes include?

A

Memory cells

Cytotoxic T-cells - attack infected host cells or foreign cells.

34
Q

What are helper T-cells + suppressor T-cells important in?

A

Mobilising + regulating the entire immune response.

35
Q

In what type of curve has the relationship between exercise + susceptibility to infection been modeled as?

A

J-curve (Nieman 1994)

Remember to look this up

36
Q

What does the J-curve model suggest?

A

Although moderate PA may enhance immune function above sedentary levels, excessive amounts of prolonged, high-intensity exercise may induce detrimental effects on the immune function.

37
Q

When is the extent of the depression in immune function following exercise most pronounced?

A

When exercise is:

  • prolonged (1.5hr +)
  • of moderate to high intensity
  • Continuous rather than intermittent
  • Performed w/out any CHO intake
38
Q

Overview of why you get ill post exercise

A

⬇️ Blood glucose, muscle glycogen

⬆️ IL-6, stress hormones + free radicals

= Depression of immune cell function

Nutrition & Metabolism (17 decks)

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