Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition & Metabolism > W3 - Digestive System > Flashcards

W3 - Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the processes involved in the human digestive system?

A

Ingestion

Initial processing

Storage

Digestion

Absorption

Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What happens at the mouth, pharynx, larynx + salivary glands?

A

Ingestion + chewing of food

Initiation of swallowing reflex

Moistens food

Partial digestion of food by amylase enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens at the oesophagus?

A

Peristalsis

Lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens at the liver

A

Secretes bile for the small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

Elongated gland behind stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secreted digestive enzymes into small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Between oesophagus + small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Stores, dissolves + mixes food.

Partial digestion

Regulates emptying of dissolved food into small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Temporary storage of undigested material

Absorbs some salt + H20

Defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the small intestine

A

Long tube leading from stomach to large intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do the tongue + cheeks do?

A

Keep food particles between surfaces of grinding teeth as lower jaw moves up + down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are buccal glands situated?

A

Inner surfaces of cheeks as serous + mucous glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do the salivary + buccal glands do?

A

Secrete fluids into oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are the taste buds found?

A

On tongue + back of oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What holds food particles together as bolus?

A

Mucus in saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define mastication

A

Food particles broken down into smaller pieces to ⬆️ SA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define satiation

A

Feeling of being well fed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What controls the degree of hunger or satiation?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Process of swallowing

A

Bolus is moved posteriorly OUT of oral cavity –> pharynx.

Down oesophagus –> stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Adaptations of the stomach for the storage function

A

Stretchable wall

Mucosal linings of stomach are longitudinal folds called rugae which flatten as stomach capacity ⬆️

Valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the valves in the stomach

A

Gastroesophageal valve

Pylorus or pyloric valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where can the Gastroesophageal valve be found?

A

Where oesophagus enters stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where can the Pylorus or pyloric valve be found?

A

Between stomach + small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adaptations of the stomach for additional food processing

A

Mucosal lining contains gastric glands producing gastric digestive juices.

Some prod HCL, making chyme more acidic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands

Pancreas

Gall bladder

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Why are the accessory organs of the digestive system called that?

A

Not directly involved in food passing through them but are still involved in digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What muscle is involved in mastication + is the strongest muscle in your body?

A

Masseter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the epiglottis do when chewing?

A

Close pathway to trachea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What % of saliva comes from the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What % of saliva comes from the buccal glands?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

List the 3 pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid

Submandibular / submaxillary

Sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which of the 3 pairs of salivary glands does most the saliva come from?

A

Parotid gland in the cheek

60% of the total 95% coming from the salivary glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where can the submandibular gland be found?

A

Under chin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where can the sublingual gland be found?

A

Under tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What in the saliva protects you from the acid you may have consumed?

A

Potassium + bicarbonate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What in the salivary gland has the ability to make saliva?

A

Acinar units (mucous cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What type of solution do we want saliva to be when it enters the mouth?

A

Hypotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What type of solution is saliva when in the salivary gland?

A

Isotonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How is the saliva converted from an isotonic solution to a hypotonic one upon entering the mouth from the salivary gland?

A

Cells lining the ducts of the salivary glands actively reabsorbs sodium + some chloride.

Then secrete bit of potassium + bicarbonate.

Actively transporting the sodium + some chloride makes solution more hypotonic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are the cell walls of the ducts of the salivary glands permeable to water?

A

NO

Means the H20 can’t follow sodium when its being actively pumped out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 3 stages of deglutition (swallowing)

A

Buccal / voluntary / oral phase

Pharyngeal phase

Oesophageal phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What happens in the buccal / voluntary / oral phase

A

Bolus is forces to back of throat voluntarily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal phase

A

Respiratory passageway has been closed off.

Bolus enters oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What happens in the oesophageal phase?

A

Bolus moves down oesophagus by peristalsis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the layers of the oesophagus?

A

OUTER –> INNER

Adventitia

Muscularis (Longitudinal then circular)

Submucosa

Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How long roughly does it take to get food from the mouth down to the stomach?

A

4-8 sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 2 ways to get food down the oesophagus?

A

Pressure of swallowing

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How does peristalsis occur?

A

When circular muscle constricts + longitudinal muscle relaxes.

– Behind the bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Whats found at the end of the oesophagus?

A

Oesophageal sphincter

– Regulates food entering stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How many parts are there to the stomach?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia

Fundus

Body

Pylorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Where is the cardia part of the stomach?

A

Top

53
Q

Where is the fundus part of the stomach?

A

Above + left to cardia

54
Q

Where in the stomach is your food storage?

A

Fundus

55
Q

What are the 3 functions of the stomach?

A

Storage

Chyme prod

Regulation of emptying chyme to duodenum

56
Q

What is chyme

A

Semifluid mass of partially digested food + digestive secretions.

57
Q

Passage of chyme when being secreted

A

Pyloric antrum

Pyloric canal

Pyloric sphincter

Duodenum

58
Q

How much chyme can the stomach usually hold?

A

About 1.5L

But after a big meal about 6L

59
Q

Where is HCL acid released from in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

60
Q

Where are lipases released from in the stomach?

A

Chief cells

61
Q

Where are ions + mucus released from in the stomach?

A

Mucous cells

62
Q

Where is pepsinogen released from in the stomach?

A

Chief cells

63
Q

How many layers of tissues does the gut wall have?

Name them.

A

4

INNER

  1. Mucosa
  2. Sub-mucosa
  3. Circular then longitudinal muscle
  4. Serosa

OUTER

64
Q

Describe the serosa + relate to function

A

Tough connective tissue = protection

⬇️ friction w/ other abdominal organs esp. during movement of gut

Covered in squamous epithelium tissue

65
Q

What’s the difference between the longitudinal and circular muscles?

A

Circular - Thins the gut lumen when contracts

Longitudinal - Shortens gut wall when contracts

66
Q

Describe the sub-mucosa + its function

A

Connective tissue containing:

  • Blood + lymph vessels that remove absorbed products of digestion
  • Nerves that co-ordinate peristalsis
67
Q

Describe the mucosa + its function

A

Single layer of epithelial cells

Goblet cells to secrete mucus.

Secretes digestive juices + absorbs digested food

68
Q

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa

A

Smooth muscle that moves villi to contact the digested food

69
Q

What are the 3 phases for gastric secretion

A

Cephalic phase

Gastric phase

Intestinal phase

70
Q

What % of the response to a meal for gastric secretion does the cephalic phase account for?

A

30%

71
Q

When does the cephalic phase of gastric secretion happen?

A

Prior to food arrival

72
Q

What happens in the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?

A

Gastrin is released

hormone that ⬆️ gastric juice secretion

73
Q

What % of the response to a meal for gastric secretion does the gastric phase account for?

A

60%

74
Q

When does the gastric phase of gastric secretion happen?

A

When food enters stomach.

75
Q

What happens in the gastric phase of the gastric secretion?

A

Fundus of stomach stretch = stimulating gastric juice + gastrin release.

76
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretion

A

Chyme entering duodenum ⬇️ gastric secretion + motility

Stomach vol. ⬇️ = cessation of stretch mechanism

Removal of peptide fragments = no gastrin released

77
Q

What pH inhibits gastrin release?

A

Very low pH - around 2.

– Happens when all food has been removed from stomach

78
Q

A pH less than 2 inhibits gastrin release.

What happens to the duodenum + what’s a consequence of this?

A

Stretches

CCK released

79
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Further inhibits gastrin release

80
Q

What is used to neutralise the acidic chyme?

A

Bicarbonate secretions

81
Q

Where are all secretions released from from the gall bladder + pancreas?

A

Sphincter of oddi

82
Q

What are the 2 types of cells in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

83
Q

Which of the 2 cells of the pancreas does hormone secretion happen from?

A

Endocrine

84
Q

What do exocrine cells have?

A

Acinar + duct cells

85
Q

What do the acinar cells of the pancreas do?

A

Release digestive juice + enzymes

Rich chlorine solution to help take H20 with it.

86
Q

Why is secretin released?

A

Due to acidic env.

87
Q

To what pH does the bicarbonate increase the pH to?

A

about 7

88
Q

What does the portal vein / hepatic portal vein do?

A

Carries blood from GI tract, gall bladder, pancreas + spleen TO the liver.

89
Q

What is the only form in which you can absorb CHO?

A

In monosaccharide form

90
Q

What does salivary a-amylase break down and at which point?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds in amylose + amylose pectin.

In mouth + oesophagus

91
Q

What enzymes are there in the duodenum for CHO digestion?

A

Pancreatic a-amylase

Breaks 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Then need the de-branching enzyme to break the 1-6 glycosidic bonds.

92
Q

Give an example of a de-branching enzyme

A

a-dextrinase (found on microvilli)

93
Q

What other enzymes besides a-dextrinase can be found on the microvilli of the duodenum?

A

Disaccharidases (i.e lactase, sucrase, maltase…)

94
Q

What is glucose + galactose transported with when being absorbed across the interstitial wall from the interstitial lumen into the blood?

A

Sodium (going ⬇️ its conc. gradient)

95
Q

How is glucose + galactose absorbed in the epithelial cells of the ileum?

A

Na+ are AT OUT of epithelial cells == ⬇️ NA+ conc in cell.

Na+ from lumen of ileum moves into epithelial cells down con grad by co-transport w/ glucose.

Glucose + galactose moves by FD from high con inside epithelial cell through Na+ glucose transporter.

96
Q

What transporter does the glucose + galactose go through after the Na+ glucose transporter?

A

GLUT-2 to get into blood

97
Q

Through what transporter can fructose enter the intestinal wall and then get into the blood?

A

GLUT-5 to get into intestinal wall.

GLUT-2 to get into blood.

98
Q

What happens to the fructose + galactose once in blood?

A

Taken to liver + converted to:

  • Glucose
  • Derivatives of glucose
  • Glucose metabolites
99
Q

What helps the break down of proteins in the stomach?

A

Acidity from gastrin

100
Q

What happens to pepsinogen once it reaches the stomach?

A

Activated into pepsin to hydrolyse peptide bonds.

101
Q

Why is the action of the pepsin stopped in the duodenum?

A

Because it only works in an acidic env.

102
Q

What are the 2 forms of proteases?

A

Endopeptidases

Exopeptidases

103
Q

Endopeptidases

A

Cleave the interior bonds of the pop

104
Q

Exopeptidases

A

Cleave the external peptide bonds

105
Q

What 2 hormones help with protein digestion in the small intestine?

How?

A

CCK

Secretin

They ⬆️ release of proteases.

106
Q

How are amino acids absorbed in the epithelial cells of the ileum?

A

Na+ are AT OUT of epithelial cells == ⬇️ NA+ conc in cell.

Na+ from lumen of ileum moves into epithelial cells down con grad by co-transport w/ aa.

aa move by FD from high con inside epithelial cell to a low con in the capillaries (blood)

107
Q

Where does most fat digestion occur?

A

Small intestine

108
Q

Some fat digestion happens in the mouth, by what?

A

Lingual lipase

109
Q

Where is lingual lipase released from?

A

Serous gland

110
Q

What enzyme digests fat in the stomach?

A

Gastric lipase

111
Q

Where is gastric lipase produced?

A

Chief cells

112
Q

What emulsifies fats?

A

Bile

113
Q

How many L of water are absorbed each day?

A

8

114
Q

How many L of water are secreted into the GI tract?

A

6

115
Q

What % of water is absorbed in the small intestine?

A

90%

116
Q

What % of water is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

10%

117
Q

Where is the ileocecal valve located?

A

Sphincter muscle

Between ileum + colon

118
Q

Functions of the gall bladder

A

Stores + concentrates bile made by the liver

119
Q

What enzyme breaks down alcohol to acetaldehyde?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

120
Q

What are the major hormones involved in digestion?

A

Gastrin ( stomach )

Secretin ( small intestine )

Cholecytokinin (small intestine)

Gastric inhibitory peptide (small intestine)

Motilin (small intestine).

121
Q

Briefly describe fat absorption

A

Bile salts emulsify FAs + monoglycerides to form micelles

FAs enter epithelial cells + link to form TG

TG combine w. proteins in Golgi body to form chylomicrons.

Chylomicrons enter lacteal + transported away from intestine.

122
Q

When will less alcohol be absorbed?

A

The longer its in the stomach

123
Q

Acetaldehyde vs alcohol

A

Acetaldehyde = less intoxicating

124
Q

What % less of alcohol dehydrogenase do females activate than men?

A

60%

125
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A

D

E

K

126
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Emulsified + incorporporated into mixed micelles containing cholesterol, PL + FAs.

Enter chylomicrons + lymph system.

127
Q

What does the absorption of fat soluble vitamins require?

A

Bile + pancreatic enzymes

128
Q

How are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Diffusion or AT

129
Q

Can water soluble vitamins be stored in the body?

A

NO

Nutrition & Metabolism (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions