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Nutrition & Metabolism > W7 - Exercise & Hunger > Flashcards

W7 - Exercise & Hunger Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between appetite + hunger?

A

Appetite = Desire to eat

Hunger = Internal drive to eat

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2
Q

Where is appetite derived from?

A

External + psych factors

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3
Q

Where is hunger derived from?

A

Hypothalamus + vagus nerve (central)

Blood glucose + hormones (peripheral)

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4
Q

From what external factors can appetite be derived from?

A

Smell

Sight

Temp

Humidity

Learned

Situation

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5
Q

What effect does the CCK hormone have on food?

A

Decreases food intake

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6
Q

What effect does the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) hormone have on food?

A

Decreases food intake

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7
Q

What is the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) hormone released in response to?

A

Ingestion of food

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8
Q

What effect does the peptide YY (PYY) hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Decreases it

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9
Q

What effect does the Glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Decreases it

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10
Q

What effect does the Excess glucocorticoids hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Increases it

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11
Q

What effect does the Leptin hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Decreases it

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12
Q

What effect does the ghrelin hormone have on the intake of food?

A

Increases it

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13
Q

Where is ghrelin released from?

A

Stomach + duodenum

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14
Q

What does Orexigenic mean?

A

Substance that stimulates appetite.

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15
Q

What is the only orexigenic out of the brain?

A

Ghrelin

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16
Q

When do levels of ghrelin increase?

A

Between meals + when stomach is empty

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17
Q

What does central administration of a substance mean?

A

Injecting it into CNS

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18
Q

What is the active form of ghrelin called?

A

Acylated form of ghrelin

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19
Q

Mechanism of action for ghrelin

A

Released from stomach when empty

Travels in blood to hypothalamus

Neuropeptide Y is released = ⬆️ food intake

Eating surpasses release of ghrelin

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20
Q

Which hormone is the opposite to ghrelin?

A

Leptin

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21
Q

Where is leptin produced?

A

In the white adipose tissue

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22
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Stimulates release of melanocyte - stimulating hormone (MSH)

Controls level of stored body fat

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23
Q

What does it mean if there’s more triacylglycerides in your adipocytes?

A

More leptin released

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24
Q

What happens to the levels of leptin released in a starvation state?

A

Less leptin released

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25
Q

What does leptin suppress?

A

Release of Neuropeptide Y

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26
Q

What does melanocyte - stimulating hormone (MSH) do?

A

Surpresses hunger

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27
Q

What can happen to obese individuals in regards to leptin?

A

Can become resistant to it

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28
Q

What type of hormone is CCK?

A

Neuropeptide

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29
Q

Where is CCK released from?

A

Small intestine

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30
Q

Within how long after starting a meal will levels of CCK increase?

A

15 mins

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31
Q

What does the increase in CCK release cause for the gall bladder?

A

Causes it to release bile

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32
Q

What does peripherally administered CCK cause?

A

⬇️ size + meal duration

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33
Q

Where is Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) released from?

A

Pancreas

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34
Q

Where does Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) act?

A

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

What would infusing the Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) hormone into someone do?

A

⬇️ their food intake

36
Q

Where is the polypeptide YY (PYY) hormone secreted from?

A

Ileum + colon

37
Q

What can polypeptide YY (PYY) hormone do?

A

Suppress appetite for a long period of time

38
Q

What does the amount of polypeptide YY (PYY) hormone released depend on?

A

Energy in meal

Composition of meal

39
Q

Where is GLP-1 released from?

A

Small intestine + colon

40
Q

What is the release of the GLP-1 hormone proportional to?

A

Energy intake

41
Q

What does GLP-1 hormone promote when administered centrally or peripherally?

A

Weight loss

42
Q

What is oxytomodulin co released with?

A

GLP-1

43
Q

What is the release of the oxytomodulin hormone proportional to?

A

Energy intake

44
Q

What type of hormone is adiponectin?

A

Adipocyte derived hormone

45
Q

What is adiponectin involved with?

What happens to levels of adiponectin with obesity?

A

Involved in regulating glucose levels + FA breakdown

Decreases w/ obesity

46
Q

What happens to levels of adiponectin with weight loss?

A

Increases

47
Q

What helps with the release of leptin?

A

Insulin

48
Q

Where are glucocorticoids derived from?

A

Adrenal glands

Meaning… Adrenal gland failure = anorexia

49
Q

What does excess amounts of glucocorticoids lead to?

A

Hyperphagia

50
Q

What is hyperphagia?

A

Abnormally great desire for food; excessive eating.

51
Q

What does short exposure to normobaric hypoxia whilst performing exercise cause?

A

⬇️ appetite

52
Q

What does the Benedicts test test for?

A

Reducing sugars

53
Q

What does the biuret test test for?

A

Protein

Blue –> Purple if present

If peptides present = pink

54
Q

What does the ethanol test test for?

A

Fat

55
Q

What in reducing sugars is the reducing agent?

A

The aldehyde functional group

56
Q

Reducing sugars have 1 of 2 groups, what are they?

A

Aldehyde functional group

Ketone group (can be converted into an aldehyde)

57
Q

What does the aldehyde group in a reducing sugar do?

A

Reduces the soluble copper (II) ions in copper (II) sulphate

TO insoluble copper (I) ions in copper (I) oxide.

58
Q

What sugars are classified as reducing sugars?

A

Simple sugars (mono + most di-saccharides)

59
Q

How do you prepare a test solution for the Benedicts test?

A

Crush food

+ mod. amount of distilled H20

Decant suspension to remove large particles

Use decanted liquid as test solution

60
Q

Procedure for Benedicts test

A

+ 1ml of sample solution to test tube

+ 2ml of Benedicts solution to test tube + swirl mixture

Leave in a boiling H20 bath for ~5 minsk

Observe colour changes during time + as final colour

61
Q

OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST

No change (blue)

A

No reducing sugars present

62
Q

OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST

Green

A

Trace amounts of reducing sugars present

63
Q

OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST

Yellow

A

Low amounts of reducing sugars present

64
Q

OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST

Orange

A

Mod amounts of reducing sugars present

65
Q

OBSERVATIONS FOR BENEDICTS TEST

Brick-red

A

Large amounts of reducing sugars present

66
Q

Procedure for biuret test

A

+ 2ml of liquid food sample to test tube

+2ml of biuret reagent

Shake

Stand for 5 mins

Observe colour change

67
Q

What other tests are there besides ethanol test for testing for lipids in food?

A

Grease spot test

Sudan stain test

68
Q

Procedure for solid sample in ethanol test

A

Crush food sample

Place in dry test tube

+ ethanol to about 2ml above level of sample

Shake

Allow solid to settle (~3mins) to allow lipid to be extracted

Decant ethanol into another test tube

+2ml of de-ionised H20 to 2nd test tube

Make observations

69
Q

Procedure for liquid sample in ethanol test

A

+ few drops of liquid food sample to dry test tube

+ 2ml ethanol

Shake

+ 2ml of deionised H20

Make observations

70
Q

Why did granulated sugar not change colour when it was heated with the benedicts solution?

A

Because there’s no reducing sugar present

71
Q

Which hormone most commonly increases satiety?

A

GLP-1

72
Q

What do low levels of insulin + leptin in the body do?

A

Stimulate hunger + appetite for high calorie foods

73
Q

Which hormone is elevated post bariatric surgery

A

Polypeptide yy

74
Q

What happens to food intake after exercise in the cold + why?

A

Increased due to more CHO intake

75
Q

What will ingesting CHO in the hours before exercise do to the plasma?

A

Raise plasma insulin = suppressing fat oxidation by ~35%

– This effect may last up to 6-8hrs meaning the highest fat oxidation rates can be achieved after an overnight fast.

76
Q

It has been suggested that CHO intake DURING exercise may interfere w/ training adaptations.

What is this notion based on?

A

Observation that CHO intake during exercise can ⬇️ the expression of the mRNA of certain proteins after exercise, i.e the CPT1 mRNA.

77
Q

What would happen to liver glycogen and muscle glycogen after an overnight fast?

A

Liver glycogen may be low

Muscle glycogen wouldn’t be affected.

78
Q

Which BCAA particularly stimulates muscles signalling pathways?

A

Leucine

79
Q

What are low energy dense foods?

A

Foods high in H20 +/or fibre

80
Q

What do low energy dense foods do?

How?

A

Promote satiety

Because they expand the stomach + intestines to a greater extent than lighter-weight foods

81
Q

Give examples of lighter-weight foods

A

Oils + snack foods

82
Q

What in the small intestine is thought to help promote satiety?

A

Nutrient receptors

83
Q

What is the obesity gene?

A

ob gene

84
Q

What does the ob gene code for?

A

Synthesis of leptin

85
Q

What happens when the ob gene is functioning normally?

A

Leptin is made + signals satiety.

86
Q

What happens when there’s a mutation in the ob gene + leptin isn’t made in sufficient quantities?

A

Desire to eat ⬆️ dramatically

Metabolic rate ⬇️

weight gain.

87
Q

What is the process of satiety?

A

Flavour of food

Knowing a meal has been eaten

Influence of stomach + intestinal expansion + activity

Influence of nutrient use in liver + related communication w. hypothalamus

Conscious thinking in brains cortex + can overcome hunger or satiety signals.

Nutrition & Metabolism (17 decks)

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