Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition & Metabolism > W9 - Immune System & Exercise > Flashcards

W9 - Immune System & Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 ways in which our immune system can be divided?

A

Innate / Natural / non-specific

Acquired / Specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When is the innate immune system activated?

A

When an infectious agent attempts to enter the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MECHANISMS UNDER THE INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM

What immune cells come under phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Monocytes

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is required for the Acquired / Specific immune system?

A

Previous exposure, so failure of the innate immune system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the acquired / specific immune system develop/build/protect you?

A

With age + based on what you’ve been exposed to.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does the acquired immune system build up and protect you?

A

Responding specifically to the infectious agent.

Antigen processing (carried out by macrophages).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do macrophages interact with?

What do they result in?

A

Cytotoxic t lymphocytes

Result in the formation of clones of antigen specific T + B lymphocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the adaptive immune system aim to combat infections?

A

By preventing colonisation of pathogens + keeping them out of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Into what can the acquired immune system be split into?

A

Cell-mediated (involving Cytotoxic t lymphocytes)

Humoral (involving antibodies prod by the b lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Do the acquired + innate immune systems work together?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Main function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Main function of eosinophils

A

Destroy parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main function of basophil

A

Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Main function of lymphocyte

A

Immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Main function of monocyte

A

Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the ways in which one can get increased susceptibility to URI symptoms?

A

Allergy or inflammation of airways

⬆️ exposure to pathogens

Too much stress for athlete = depressed immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the ways in which you can get increased exposure to pathogens?

A

⬆️ Lunge ventilation

Skin abrasions

Foreign travel

Crowds

Poor hygiene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What curve demonstrates athletes susceptibility to illness?

A

S shaped curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is supra maximal exercise?

A

Exercise at an intensity higher than that requires to elicit VO2 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define leukocytosis

A

Cond in which the white cell (leukocyte count) is above the normal range in blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is leukocytosis a sign of?

A

Inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection.

May also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Exercise + circulating immune cells

A

After exercise:

Biphasic leukocytosis

1st ⬆️ is driven by neutrophils + lymphocytes

2nd ⬆️ is driven. by neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What accounts for the 1st leukocytosis seen in biphasic leukocytosis when exercising?

A

⬆️ bf = ⬆️ shear stress on bv

⬆️ sheer stress + ⬆️ release of catecholamines = ⬇️ adherence of WBCs to walls of bv = ⬆️ WBC circulating in bloodstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What accounts for the 2nd leukocytosis seen in biphasic leukocytosis when exercising?

A

Release of cortisol from adrenal cortex causes mobilisation of neutrophils from bone marrow.

= ⬆️ leukocytes (mainly driven by the neutrophil still tho)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is lymphocytopenia?

A

Fall in lymphocytes below baseline after exercsie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How can you measure the function of neutrophils?

A

By looking at the degranulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neutrophil response to acute exercise?

A

Exercise

⬆️ levels of neutrophils

Inhibited function

28
Q

What is another measure of neutrophil function?

A

Elastase release

29
Q

Neutrophil response to chronic exercise?

A

⬇️ Function

Depletes bone marrow reserves

30
Q

What does normal functioning of lymphocytes involve?

A

Selective proliferation

31
Q

What is the specific surface antigen receptor for T cells?

A

TCR

32
Q

What is the specific surface antigen receptor for B cells?

A

Ig

33
Q

Selective proliferation

A

When more T or B cells are made to get rid of foreign agents as a result of which has the complementary specific surface antigen.

34
Q

What happens to lymphocyte proliferation post-exercise?

A

Temporarily lowered

35
Q

What can happen to T cell proliferation when cortisol is released during exercise?

A

Prevents/reduces T cell proliferation

36
Q

How do lymphocytes always start out?

A

As T helper naive cells

Can then differentiate into either T helper 1 or T helper 2 cells.

T helper 2 cells a.k.a B lymphocytes

37
Q

What are T lymphocytes related to?

A

Cell mediated immunity

38
Q

What do T lymphocytes fight viruses with?

A

Cytokines releasing IFN-y, IL-2 + TNF-beta

39
Q

What do B lymphocytes release to fight bacteria?

A

Antibodies

40
Q

What type of immunity do B lymphocytes carry out?

A

Humoral or antibody immunity

41
Q

How can you measure your cell mediated immunity after severe exercise?

A

Using an antigen skin test

Response means you have some immunity.

No response = no immunity

42
Q

What happens to the immune system during intense training?

A

⬇️ Function of neutrophils + lymphocytes

43
Q

Give an example of an immune marker

A

Salivary IgA

A ⬇️ in IgA can make you more susceptible to infection

44
Q

Based on Salivary IgA, when is there a 1 in 2 chance of coming down with an infection?

A

When theres a 40%+ fall below baseline

45
Q

What nutrients assist in maintaining immune function?

A

Protein

Energy

Vitamin A + D

iron

Zinc

Copper

Selenium

46
Q

What should be taken if you want to train intensely but don’t want to come down with an infection?

A

CHO during exercise

  • Prevents rise in cortisol + adrenaline levels
    +
    Maintains blood glucose conc
47
Q

What can cortisol do to our immune function?

A

Can damage it

48
Q

What is the name of a questionnaire that monitors the state of well being + mood state of athletes?

A

DALDA questionnaire

49
Q

As well as preventing rise in cortisol + adrenaline levels, what else can CHO do?

A

Prevent fall in IFN-y (coming from t-lymphocytes)

  • Good
50
Q

What else can be taken as well as CHO to ⬇️ susceptibility to infection when or after exercise?

A

Quercetin

51
Q

What happens to cortisol levels during and following exercise when carbohydrate is taken during the exercise compared to placebo?

A

Levels stay constant during exercise and in recovery.

52
Q

What effect does carbohydrate ingestion compared to placebo during intense training have on DALDA part B?

A

⬇️ scores

53
Q

What effect does carbohydrate ingestion compared to placebo have on IFN gamma production when taken during intense exercise?

A

Prevents the fall

54
Q

What effect does quercetin have on days of illness post intense training?

A

⬇️ No.

55
Q

What effect does non -alcoholic beer have on risk of URTI post a marathon?

A

⬇️ risk

56
Q

What happens to neutrophil oxidative burst activity and lymphocyte proliferation during normal training, intense training and recovery training?

A

Neutrophil oxidative burst activity ⬇️ in intensified training

Lymphocyte proliferation is ONLY ⬇️ w intense training + recovery training.

57
Q

What happens to SIgA with increased training load?

A

Decreases making you more susceptible to infection

58
Q

What is the most cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocyte?

A

RA+ effector memory

59
Q

What happened to the egress of the RA+EM CD8 T lymphocytes following high intense training?

A

Stayed the same

60
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Live microorganisms that can modify gut bacteria.

61
Q

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS

What do zinc lozenges do?

A

⬇️ Viral activity in oropharyngeal region

62
Q

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS

What does Vitamin C do?

A

Strong support for prevention

63
Q

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS

What does glutamine do for lymphocytes?

A

Acts as an energy substrate

64
Q

NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS

What does caffeine do?

A

Activates lymphocytes + ⬇️ fall in neutrophil function.

65
Q

What effect does supplements of vitamin E have on the immune system?

A

No effect

66
Q

What effect did protein ingestion have on the release of RA+EM CD8 T lymphocytes during intense training?

A

Prevents fall

67
Q

What effect does probiotics have on the incidence of URTI?

A

⬇️ incidence

Nutrition & Metabolism (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions