W9: Invertebrate Physiology (Reproduction, Forensics & SIT) [Dr. Blair] Flashcards

1
Q

Kinds of insect reproduction/Insect reproductive strategies? (3) HOP

A
  • Haplodiploidy.
  • Oviparous.
  • Parthenogenesis.
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2
Q

Haplodiploidy attributes? (3)

A
  • Sexual reproduction.
  • No fertilisation (haploid) (ie, eggs develop without fertilisation).
  • Seen in eusocial insects (bees & ants).
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3
Q

Oviparous attributes? (3)

A
  • Sexual reproduction.
  • Fertilisation of eggs occurs & produces diploid (2n) offspring.
  • Seen in most insects (flies, mosquitoes).
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4
Q

Parthenogenesis attributes? (3)

A
  • Asexual reproduction.
  • No fertilisation (ie, eggs develop without fertilisation).
  • Seen in aphids, wasps & stick insects.
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5
Q

Egs of oviparous insects? (2)

A
  • Bees.
  • Ants.
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6
Q

Egs of parthenogenetic insects? (3)

A
  • Wasps.
  • Aphids.
  • Stick insects.
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7
Q

Eg of haplodiploidy insects?

A

Flies.

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8
Q

Diptera attributes? (3)

A
  • Order of flies.
  • Two wings.
  • Part of the important species in medical & applied entomology.
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9
Q

Family under Diptera to focus on?

A

Calliphoridae.

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10
Q

Calliphoridae is AKA?

A

Blow flies.

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11
Q

Blow flies attributes? (2)

A
  • Over 1100 species.
  • Important in forensics as they often found on dead, often bloated, bodies upon which these flies/larvae are found.
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12
Q

Fly life cycle layout in order? (6)

A
  • Eggs.
  • 1st larval stage.
  • 2nd larval stage.
  • 3rd larval stage.
  • Pupa.
  • Adult.
  • Repeat process.
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13
Q

Why are maggots eyes positioned where they are positioned?

A
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13
Q

Blow flies courtship process: Finding Ms. Right? (5)

A
  • Males will find a female (7 day old females).
  • Courtship process is initiated by the male.
  • Done by mating with the female and spreading her wings.
  • Female’s eggs are fertilised provided she is accepting of the male.
  • Females mate once, while males mate multiple times.
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14
Q

Myiasis?

A

= the invasion of vertebrate tissues/organs (dead or living) by Dipteran larvae.

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15
Q

Flies that cause myiasis in South Africa? (2)

A
  • Tumbu flies.
  • Screw-worm flies.
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16
Q

Tumbu flies?

A

= under Calliphoridae family.

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17
Q

Screw-worm flies attributes? (4)

A
  • Under the Calliphoridae family.
  • Have a rapid life cycle (3 weeks).
  • Partake in obligate myiasis.
  • Cause significant damage by laying eggs in vertebrate tissues, affecting livestock and sometimes humans.
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18
Q

Economic impact of myiasis?

A

Infestation leads to secondary infections & significant economic losses, especially in livestock farming.

19
Q

What happens when they get into vertebrate tissue: Larvae in livestock? (4)

A
  • More than just painful wounds.
  • Secondary infection (death).
  • Economic losses (livestock farming).
  • Attracts more flies (feedback: outbreak).
20
Q

Screw-worm flies myiasis affects who? (2)

A
  • Larvae in livestock.
  • Larvae in humans.
21
Q

Screw-worm flies distribution attributes? (5)

A
  • Severe losses to the livestock brought pressure to control/eradicate these flies (1900s-1930s).
  • Pesticides & pheromone traps were unsuccessful in controlling this beast.
  • Approached entomologists, Bushland & Knipling, who initiated research in 1930.
  • Bushland suggested using chemicals on cattle (perhaps to make them unpalatable to the flies?).
  • Knipling suggested breaking the insect life-cycle (sterile insect technique).
22
Q

Sterile Insect Technique (S.I.T)?

A

= genetic control programme that releases very high numbers of artificially sterilised males into the population, resulting in sterile matings & consequently a reduction in population size.

23
Q

S.I.T is AKA?

A

Sterile Male Release.

24
Q

S.I.T process (lay it out for me in order)? (7)

A
  • Mass rearing of insects.
  • Sterilise males with radiation, but ensure no noticeable change (eg, sickly, etc).
  • Release millions of sterile males to significantly alter the sex ration (males : females).
  • Sterile males mate with wild females.
  • Eggs fail to develop, leading to decreased progeny & decreased population.
  • Repeat the process.
25
Q

Did the S.I.T work?

A

YES, IT WORKED!

26
Q

Explain how the S.I.T worked? (4)

A
  • Started in Curacao in Venezuela & screw-fly populations were eliminated (7 weeks).
  • Controlled in the USA (1960s-1970s).
  • Eliminated in Mexico (1980s).
  • Eliminated in Libya (1991).
27
Q

What is key to the S.I.T working?

A

The female needs to mate once because if females mate multiple times it makes the …..

28
Q

Forensic entomology: Role of blow flies? (3)

A
  • Able to sense freshly dead organic matter.
  • Are first to arrive (<10 mins).
  • Lay egg batches.
29
Q

Particular types of blow flies in Forensic entomology? (2)

A
  • Green bottles.
  • Blue bottles.
30
Q

Green bottles scientific name?

A

Lucilia cuprina.

31
Q

Blue bottles scientific name?

A

Calliphora vomitoria.

32
Q

Green bottles attributes? (3)

A
  • Smaller.
  • Maggots.
  • Compete with blue bottles for food (carrion, excreta & nectar).
33
Q

Blue bottles attributes? (3)

A
  • Larger.
  • Maggots.
  • Compete with green bottles for food (carrion, excreta & nectar).
34
Q

Forensic entomology: In the field? (4)

A

Forensic entomologists:

  • Collect as much data as possible such as,
  • Flies, maggots & pupae.
  • Ambient weather conditions (temperature affects the rate of development of flies).
  • Position of the body (outdoors, shade, buried).
35
Q

Forensic entomology: In the lab? (3)

A

Forensic entomologists:

  • Determine the developmental stage & species collected from the field.
  • Calculate the development rate of the stages.
  • Data are compared against weather conditions to estimate the time of oviposition (Post Mortem Interval).
36
Q

Explain the graph of Temperature & fly development? (9)

A
  • Graph illustrates the importance of temperature for fly development from an egg to adult.
  • x-axis = Temperature.
  • y-axis = Developmental time (days).
  • Flies fail to develop at 10-13 degrees celsius.
  • As temperature increases, the developmental time decreases exponentially from egg to adult.
  • At 20C, eggs take about 25 days to develop into an adult & that decreases as it develops into an adult with increasing temperature.
  • At 25C, it took about 15 days to develop from egg to adult.
  • At 30C, it took about 12 days to develop from egg to adult.
  • At 35C, it took 10 days to develop from egg to adult.
37
Q

PMI stands for?

A

Post Mortem Interval.

38
Q

Forensic entomology: PMI? (2)

A
  • PMI graph.
  • Forensic entomologists work backwards when determining the PMI.
39
Q

Explain the PMI graph?

A
40
Q

Forensic entomology: Added benefits from flies? (4)

A
  • Locality, through the potential movement of the victim or locality of their death (eg, dumping).
  • Trauma, through the presence & abundance of maggots within a corpse being used as a trauma guide.
  • Toxins, through flies/maggots being examined for the presence of drugs/toxins (entomotoxicology).
  • DNA identification, through the fact that maggots feeding on a corpse may retain testable DNA.
41
Q

Types of entomology covered? (2)

A
  • Forensic entomology.
  • Medical entomology.
42
Q

Medical entomology: Benefits from flies?

A

Sterilised blow flies, particularly green bottles, are used in Maggot therapy.

43
Q

Maggot therapy?

A

= where sterilised blow flies, especially green bottles, are used in medicine to help clean wounds by removing dead tissue, promoting healing & reducing infection.

44
Q

Maggot therapy benefits? (3)

A
  • Aid in removal of damaged tissue.
  • Regeneration of new cells.
  • Decreasing infection by microbes.
45
Q

Super summary? (3)

A
  • Reproduction (majority of insects are oviparous, asexual reproduction is possible in some).
  • Life cycle (understanding the reproductive cycle, larva to adult).
  • Useful applications (sterile insect technique, forensic entomology, medical uses via maggot therapy).