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BIO3B: Physiology To Behaviour > W9: Invertebrate Physiology (Introduction Arthropods To Insects) [Dr. Blair] > Flashcards

W9: Invertebrate Physiology (Introduction Arthropods To Insects) [Dr. Blair] Flashcards

1
Q

Topics we spoke about under Basic Arthropod Classification? (4)

A
  • Main divisions.
  • Body structure of vertebrates.
  • Cambrian “Explosion”.
  • Main orders in South Africa (common orders & familiar families).
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2
Q

What percentage of all life forms are Arthropods?

A
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3
Q

Major proportions of life forms on Earth to consider under Invertebrate physiology? (4)

A
  • Arachnids.
  • Chordates.
  • Crustaceans.
  • Insects.
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4
Q

Which phyla emerged after the Cambrian explosion? (2)

A
  • Arthropoda (Arthropods).
  • Chordata (Chordates).
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5
Q

Arthropoda?

A

= largest phylum that includes invertebrates like insects, spiders, crustaceans & millipedes.

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6
Q

Chordata?

A

= phylum that includes animals that, at some point of their development, a notochord like vertebrates (mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians).

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7
Q

Two organisms to note that occurred during/after the Cambrian explosion?

A
  • Anomalocaris.
  • Hallucigenia (the original).
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8
Q

Anomalocaris?

A

= an extinct genus that lived during the Cambrian period (~500 million years ago).

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9
Q

Anomalocaris attributes? (3)

A
  • Belonged to a group of animals called Radiodonta, which was closely related to early arthropods.
  • Had large, compound eyes similar to modern-day arthropods (enabled excellent vision for hunting).
  • Important for understanding the evolution of complex life forms & the early history of arthropods.
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10
Q

Hallucigenia attributes? (3)

A
  • Arthropod precursor.
  • Belonged to a group called lobopodians, which are closely related to modern arthropods.
  • Represent an early step in the evolutionary tree that eventually led to the development of arthropods.
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11
Q

What are the main phyla/subphyla of Arthropods? (4)

A
  • Trilobitamorpha.
  • Chelicerata.
  • Crustacea.
  • Uniramia.
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12
Q

Class under Trilobitamorpha?

A

Trilobita.

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13
Q

Trilobita attributes? (5)

A
  • Extinct group of marine arthropods.
  • Distinct , 3 body parts (lobes).
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • Gills.
  • Most famous fossils used for dating rock layers.
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14
Q

Trilobita animals?

A

Trilobites.

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15
Q

Chelicerata classes? (3)

A
  • Merostomata.
  • Arachnids.
  • Pycnogonida.
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16
Q

Merostomata attributes? (4)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • No antennae.
  • Gills.
  • Body plan = cephalothorax (prosoma), gnathobases, abdomen (opisthosoma) & tail (telson).
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17
Q

Merostomata animals?

A

Horseshoe crabs.

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18
Q

Arachnids: Scorpions attributes? (4)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • No antennae.
  • 8 legs (1st pair = pincers).
  • Body plan (3) = cephalothorax (prosoma), abdomen (opisthosoma) & tail (telson).
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19
Q

Arachnids: Tailless whip scorpions (amblypigi) attributes? (4)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • No antennae.
  • 8 legs (1st pair = pincers).
  • Body plan (2) = abdomen & cephalothorax.
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20
Q

Arachnids: Solifugids attributes? (4)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • No antennae.
  • 8 legs.
  • Body plan (3): cephalothorax, abdomen & cheliceraa.
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21
Q

Arachnids: True spiders attributes? (4)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • No antennae.
  • 8 legs.
  • Body plan (4): abdomen, cephalothorax, pedipalps & chelicerae.
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22
Q

Arachnids: Ticks attributes? (4)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • No antennae.
  • 8 legs.
  • Body plan (2): abdomen & cephalothorax.
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23
Q

Arachnids animals? (5)

A
  • Scorpions.
  • Tailless whip scorpions (Amblypigi).
  • un spiders/Red romans (Solifugids).
  • True spiders.
  • Ticks.
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24
Q

When should one worry about a scorpion sting? (3)

A
  • Highly venomous scorpion
    = small pincers + thick tail.
  • Mildly venomous scorpion
    = big pincers + thin tail.

Therefore, when a scorpion has smaller pincers & thick tail.

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25
Q

When should one worry about a spider bite? (4)

A

Medically significant spider bites are from:

  • Black button spider (neurotoxic venom).
  • Brown button spider (neurotoxic venom).
  • Violin spider (cytotoxic venom).
  • Long-legged sac spider (cytotoxic venom).
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26
Q

Pycnogonida attributes? (4)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • No antennae.
  • 8 legs.
  • Body plan (2): abdomen & cephalothorax.
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27
Q

Pycnogonida animals?

A

Sea spiders.

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28
Q

Crustacea classes? (3)

A
  • Malacostra.
  • Amphipoda.
  • Cirripedia.
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29
Q

Malacostra animals? (3)

A
  • Crabs.
  • Shrimps.
  • Lobsters.
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29
Q

Crustaceans: Malacostra attributes? (5)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • Gills.
  • Biramous antennae.
  • Nauplius larva.
  • Body plan (3): cephalothorax, abdomen & tail.
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30
Q

Crustaceans: Amphipoda attributes? (3)

A
  • 2 body parts.
  • Biramous antennae.
  • Terrestrial crustacean (not an insect).
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31
Q

Amphipoda animals?

A

Wood louse.

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32
Q

Crustaceans: Cirripedia attributes? (2)

A
  • Sedentary crustaceans.
  • Motile larvae.
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33
Q

Cirripedia animals?

A

Barnacles.

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34
Q

Biramous antennae?

A

= two-branched antennae.

35
Q

Prosoma?

A

= cephalothorax.

36
Q

Opisthosoma?

A

= abdomen.

37
Q

Telson?

38
Q

Nauplius larvae?

A

= earliest larval stage.

39
Q

Crustacea animals? (3)

A
  • Crabs, shrimps & lobsters.
  • Wood louse.
  • Barnacles.
40
Q

Uniramia classes? (3)

A
  • Onychophora.
  • Myriapoda.
  • Hexapoda.
41
Q

Onychophora attributes? (2)

A
  • 1 pait of antennae.
  • Spiracles.
42
Q

Uniramia: Onychophora animals?

A

Velvet worms.

43
Q

Uniramia: Myriapoda classes? (2)

A
  • Chilopoda.
  • Diplopoda.
44
Q

Uniramia: Myriapoda - Chilopoda attributes? (5)

A
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • Spiracles.
  • Venomous.
  • Carnivorous.
  • Chilo = lip-footed.
45
Q

Uniramia: Myriapoda - Diplopoda attributes? (5)

A
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • Spiracles.
  • Poisonous.
  • Herbivorous/Dentritivorous.
  • Diplo = double-footed (2 pairs of segments).
46
Q

Chilopoda animals?

A

Centipedes.

47
Q

Diplopoda animals?

A

Millipedes.

48
Q

Uniramia: Hexapoda classes? (5)

A
  • Collembolla.
  • Protura.
  • Diplura.
  • Thysanaura.
  • Pterygota.
49
Q

Uniramia: Hexapoda - Collembolla attributes? (4)

A
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
  • No wings.
  • Furcula (tail).
50
Q

Collembolla animals?

A

Springtails.

51
Q

Uniramia: Hexapoda - Protura attributes? (3)

A
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
  • No wings.
52
Q

Protura animals?

A

Telsontails.

53
Q

Uniramia: Hexapoda - Diplura attributes? (3)

A
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
  • No wings.
54
Q

Diplura animals?

A

Bristletails.

55
Q

Uniramia: Hexapoda - Thysanaura attributes? (3)

A
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
  • No wings.
56
Q

Thysanaura animals?

A

Silverfish.

57
Q

Uniramia: Hexapoda - Pterygota attributes? (4)

A
  • True insects with wings.
  • Infraclasses.
  • Divisions.
  • Orders.
58
Q

Hexapoda: Pterygota infraclasses? (2)

A
  • Paleoptera.
  • Neoptera.
59
Q

Pterygota: Paleoptera orders? (2)

A
  • Odonata.
  • Ephemeroptera.
60
Q

Pterygota: Paleoptera - Odonata attributes? (4)

A
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
  • 2 pairs of wings.
  • Odo = toothed wings (mandibles).
61
Q

Pterygota: Paleoptera - Odonata animals? (2)

A
  • Dragonflies.
  • Damselflies.
62
Q

Pterygota: Paleoptera - Ephemeroptera attributes? (4)

A
  • 1 pair of antennae.
  • 3 body parts (head, thorax, abdomen).
  • 2 pairs of wings.
  • Ephemero = short-lived wings.
63
Q

Pterygota: Paleoptera - Ephemeroptera animals?

64
Q

Hexapoda attributes? (2)

A
  • 6 legs.
  • 3 body parts.
65
Q

Pterygota: Neoptera divisions? (2)

A
  • Exopterygota.
  • Endopterygota.
66
Q

Exopterygota attributes? (3)

A
  • Wings develop externally.
  • Hemimetabolous (wing buds in nymphs).
  • 4 Orders.
67
Q

Exopterygota orders? (4)

A
  • Orthoptera.
  • Hemiptera.
  • Isoptera.
  • Blattodea.
68
Q

Exopterygota orders focused on? (2)

A
  • Orthoptera.
  • Hemiptera.
69
Q

Neoptera: Exopterygota - Orthoptera?

A

= straight wings.

70
Q

Orthoptera animals? (3)

A
  • Grasshoppers.
  • Locusts.
  • Crickets.
71
Q

Neoptera: Exopterygota - Hemiptera?

A

= half wings.

72
Q

Hemiptera animals? (3)

A
  • True bugs.
  • Aphids.
  • Stink bugs.
73
Q

Neoptera: Endopterygota attributes? (3)

A
  • Wings develop internally.
  • Holometabolous (wings in adulthood).
  • 4 Orders.
74
Q

Neoptera: Endopterygota orders? (4)

A
  • Coleoptera.
  • Lepidoptera.
  • Hymenoptera.
  • Diptera.
75
Q

Neoptera: Endopterygota - Coleoptera?

A

= shaeth wings.

76
Q

Coleoptera animals? (2)

A

Beetles such as:

  • Dung beetles.
  • Lady bugs.
77
Q

Neoptera: Endopterygota - Lepidoptera?

A

= scaly wings.

78
Q

Lepidoptera animals? (2)

A
  • Butterflies.
  • Moths.
79
Q

Neoptera: Endopterygota - Hymenoptera?

A

= membrane wings.

80
Q

Hymenoptera animals? (3)

A
  • Bees.
  • Wasps.
  • Ants.
81
Q

Neoptera: Endopterygota - Diptera?

A

= two wings.

82
Q

Diptera animals? (3)

A
  • Flies.
  • Mosquitoes.
  • Psyllids.
83
Q

Examples of Exopterygota insects? (2)

A
  • Grasshoppers (Orthoptera).
  • True bugs (Hemiptera).
84
Q

Examples of Endopterygota insects from each order? (4)

A
  • Beetles (Coleoptera).
  • Butterflies (Lepidoptera).
  • Bees (Hymenoptera).
  • Flies (Diptera).
85
Q

Super summary? (3)

A
  • The arthropods (4 main phyla = trilobites, chelicerates, crustaceans, uniramians).
  • Hexapods (6 legs/3 body parts = pterygota).
  • Main insect groups (several diverse groups, southern Africa).

BIO3B: Physiology To Behaviour (36 decks)

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