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BIO3B: Physiology To Behaviour > W10: Invertebrate Physiology (Physiology Of Smell: Insect Olfaction & Defence) [Dr. Blair] > Flashcards

W10: Invertebrate Physiology (Physiology Of Smell: Insect Olfaction & Defence) [Dr. Blair] Flashcards

1
Q

Olfaction?

A

= the detection of chemicals that influence the physiology & behaviour of insects (pheromones).

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2
Q

Pheromones?

A

= scent produced that signals the same species to perform a behaviour.

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3
Q

Thing to note about pheromones?

A

They DON’T influence the behaviour/physiology of another species.

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4
Q

Areas that insects can smell from? (3)

A
  • Antennae.
  • Mouth parts.
  • Legs.
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5
Q

Antennae attributes? (3)

A
  • Located on the head of the insect.
  • Main receptors for sensory perception.
  • Have sensilla.
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6
Q

Mouth parts & Legs?

A

For gustatory reception.

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7
Q

Types of sensilla? (2)

A
  • Sensilla on antennae.
  • Sensilla of mouthparts/legs.
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8
Q

Sensilla on antennae?

A

= peg-like structures where olfaction occurs.

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9
Q

Sensilla on mouthparts/legs?

A

= peg-like structures where gustatory olfaction occurs.

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10
Q

Pathway of pheromones/odours through sensilla? (3)

A

Pheromones/Odours eneter the pores of sensilla
|
Odours excite the nerves upon entering pores
|
ORN senses this and signals it to the brain (deutocerebrum).

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11
Q

ORN stands for?

A

Olfactory Receptor Neuron.

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12
Q

How are pheromones produced?

A

Pheromones are produced by specialised exocrine glands, located in different parts depending on the species & type of pheromone.

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13
Q

Variety of pheromones?

A

Not only used in mating.

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14
Q

Types of pheromones? (2)

A
  • Volatile pheromones.
  • Non-volatile pheromones.
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15
Q

Volatile pheromones attributes? (3)

A
  • Released into the air & travel long distances.
  • Detected by antennae.
  • Mating/alarm responses.
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16
Q

Non-volatile pheromones attributes? (3)

A
  • Deposited on surfaces & detected through direct contact.
  • Detected by legs, mouthparts & antennae.
  • Marking trails.
17
Q

Egs of Volatile pheromones? (2)

A
  • Creatonotos gangis (male antennae are designed to detect attract females).
  • Aggregation in insects (as pheromones are spread in the air).
18
Q

Eg of Non-volatile pheromones?

A

Ants

  • Social insects mark paths to food & pheromones are continuously reinforced by members (active).
19
Q

Insect aggregation?

A

= when conspecifics gather in one location, often for feeding or mating.

20
Q

When is insect aggregation problematic?

A

When it causes locust swarms.

21
Q

Locust swarms attributes? (3)

A
  • Caused by a period of drought followed by sudden, heavy rainfall.
  • Disadvantageous for farmers as it caused crop damage.
  • High population density causes solitary species to be gregarious due to the aggregation pheromone (4VA).
22
Q

Alarm/Defence pheromones?

A

= social insects release alarm pheromones when threatened as a defensive response to enable large numbers to confront the threat.

23
Q

Bees VS Hornets?

A

Release alarm pheromones so that large numbers of bees smother the hornet intruders.

24
Q

Beyond pheromones, what other ways are odour molecules detected? (2)

A
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants.
  • Specific odours in predators.
25
Q

Chemotaxis in which organs? (2)

A
  • Antennae.
  • Gustatory (mouthparts & legs).
26
Q

Egs of VOCs? (2)

A
  • Mosquitoes.
  • “Smelling’ predators.
27
Q

Mosquitoes attributes? (2)

A
  • Track you through your C02 concentrations & skin odours.
  • Repellants actually “hide” you form their radar.
28
Q

“Smelling” predators attributes? (2)

A
  • VOCs from the predators & their excrement.
  • Causes a physiological/behavioural response.
29
Q

Types of insect defences? (4)

A
  • Physical.
  • Chemical.
  • Behavioural.
  • Ecological.
30
Q

Physical defences?

A

= body structure adjustments.

31
Q

Egs of Physical defences? (3)

A
  • Spines (makes you harder to eat).
  • Mimicry.
  • Camouflage.
32
Q

Chemical defences?

A

= produce toxins/venoms.

33
Q

Egs of chemical defences? (2)

A
  • Venoms (stings/bites).
  • Aposematism.
34
Q

Watch Out For the following? (7)

A
  • Bullet ants.
  • German wasps.
  • Honeybees.
  • Velvet ants.
  • Paper wasps.
  • Rove beetles.
  • Blister beetles.
35
Q

Egs of Behavioural defences? (4)

A
  • Startle displays.
  • Thanatosis (playing dead).
  • Autotomy (removal of limbs).
  • Run away.
36
Q

Egs of insects that partake in Autotomy? (3)

A
  • Lizards.
  • Stick insects.
  • Spiders.
37
Q

Ecological defences?

A

= symbiotic relationships.

38
Q

Egs of Ecological defence? (2)

A
  • Ants & “Acacias”.
  • Ants & Aphids.
39
Q

Super summary? (3)

A
  • The antennae (antennae, sensilla, brain, gustatory sensilla).
  • Olfaction (pheromones, various pheromones, VOCs).
  • Defence (variable defence responses, underpinned by physiology).

BIO3B: Physiology To Behaviour (36 decks)

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