W6: Vertebrate Physiology (Digestion In Vertebrates) [Dr. Matt] Flashcards
Feeding styles? (2)
- Autotrophic feeding.
- Heterotrophic feeding.
Autotroph?
= can produce their own food.
Egs of Autotrophs? (3)
- Plants.
- Phytoplankton.
- Cyanobacteria.
Heterotroph?
= consumes autotrophs & heterotrophs.
Egs of heterotrophs? (3)
- Fungi.
- Most bacteria.
- Animals.
Types of heterotrophic feeding? (3)
- Parasitic.
- Saprophytic.
- Holozoic.
Parasitic heterotrophic feeding?
= where organisms live on or in a host organism.
Saprophytic heterotrophic feeding?
= organism has external digestion & then absorption.
Holozoic heterotrophic feeding?
= organism has an internal digestive system.
Egs of Parasitic heterotrophic feeders? (3)
- Helminths.
- Protozoa.
- Ectoparasites.
Eg of a Saprophytic heterotrophic feeder?
Fungi.
Eg of Holozoic heterotrophic feeders?
Most animals.
Digestion in holozoic heterotrophs attributes? (3)
- Breaks food down into smaller nutrient molecules.
- Can then be absorbed into the body cells.
- Used for energy, growth & cell repair.
Lay down Increasing complexity of internal digestion? (5)
- Intracellular digestion (phagocytosis).
- Extracellular digestion.
- Animals with a simple body plan.
- Invertebrates.
- Vertebrates.
Intracellular digestion attributes? (5)
- Unicellular organisms.
- Food enters via oral groove.
- Produces a food vacuole.
- Lysosomes break down food.
- Waste products excreted through an anal pore.
Lysosomes?
= hydrolytic enzymes.
Extracellular digestion attributes? (2)
- Multicellular organisms.
- Compartments are continuous with outside body.
Animals with a simple body plan attributes? (2)
- Have a gastrovascular cavity.
- Functions in digestion & absorption.
Invertebrates attributes? (2)
- Development of two openings & specialised organs.
- Complexity increases from Hyda, Flatworm, Mollusk then Cockroach.
Vertebrates attributes? (2)
- One basic organisational plan with common elements.
- Complexity increases among taxa from cyclostomes (hagfish), elasmobranchs (shark), teleost fish, amphibians (frog), birds (pigeon), then mammals (human).
Commonalities in vertebrate digestive systems? (3)
- Digestive tube with two openings (mouth & anus/cloaca).
- Complete digestive tract/alimentary canal.
- Can have specialised regions for digestion & absorption (similar organs with specialised functions).
Kinds of digestion that occur in digestion? (2)
- Mechanical digestion.
- Chemical digestion.
Mechanical digestion attributes? (3)
- Breaks food down into smaller parts.
- Occurs in the oral/buccal cavity, which consists of teeth & saliva.
- Variations & exceptions.
Why break down food into smaller parts?
It’s because it increases surface area for chemical digestion.
Function of saliva in the oral cavity?
Lubricates food.
Dentition components in mammals? (4)
- Incisors.
- Canines.
- Pre-molars.
- Molars.
Incisors?
= for gnawing.
Canines?
= for piercing & tearing.
Pre-molars?
= for side-to-side grinding.
Molars?
= for side-to-side grinding.
Egs of organisms that don’t chew/have teeth? (3)
- Nectar-feeding bats.
- Birds.
- Reptiles.
Nectar-feeding bats?
= some mammals don’t chew but feed on nectar as they have elongated incisors & long tongue.