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BIO3B: Physiology To Behaviour > W6: Vertebrate Physiology (Digestion In Vertebrates) [Dr. Matt] > Flashcards

W6: Vertebrate Physiology (Digestion In Vertebrates) [Dr. Matt] Flashcards

1
Q

Feeding styles? (2)

A
  • Autotrophic feeding.
  • Heterotrophic feeding.
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2
Q

Autotroph?

A

= can produce their own food.

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3
Q

Egs of Autotrophs? (3)

A
  • Plants.
  • Phytoplankton.
  • Cyanobacteria.
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4
Q

Heterotroph?

A

= consumes autotrophs & heterotrophs.

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5
Q

Egs of heterotrophs? (3)

A
  • Fungi.
  • Most bacteria.
  • Animals.
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6
Q

Types of heterotrophic feeding? (3)

A
  • Parasitic.
  • Saprophytic.
  • Holozoic.
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7
Q

Parasitic heterotrophic feeding?

A

= where organisms live on or in a host organism.

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8
Q

Saprophytic heterotrophic feeding?

A

= organism has external digestion & then absorption.

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9
Q

Holozoic heterotrophic feeding?

A

= organism has an internal digestive system.

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10
Q

Egs of Parasitic heterotrophic feeders? (3)

A
  • Helminths.
  • Protozoa.
  • Ectoparasites.
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11
Q

Eg of a Saprophytic heterotrophic feeder?

A

Fungi.

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12
Q

Eg of Holozoic heterotrophic feeders?

A

Most animals.

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13
Q

Digestion in holozoic heterotrophs attributes? (3)

A
  • Breaks food down into smaller nutrient molecules.
  • Can then be absorbed into the body cells.
  • Used for energy, growth & cell repair.
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14
Q

Lay down Increasing complexity of internal digestion? (5)

A
  • Intracellular digestion (phagocytosis).
  • Extracellular digestion.
  • Animals with a simple body plan.
  • Invertebrates.
  • Vertebrates.
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15
Q

Intracellular digestion attributes? (5)

A
  • Unicellular organisms.
  • Food enters via oral groove.
  • Produces a food vacuole.
  • Lysosomes break down food.
  • Waste products excreted through an anal pore.
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16
Q

Lysosomes?

A

= hydrolytic enzymes.

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17
Q

Extracellular digestion attributes? (2)

A
  • Multicellular organisms.
  • Compartments are continuous with outside body.
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18
Q

Animals with a simple body plan attributes? (2)

A
  • Have a gastrovascular cavity.
  • Functions in digestion & absorption.
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19
Q

Invertebrates attributes? (2)

A
  • Development of two openings & specialised organs.
  • Complexity increases from Hyda, Flatworm, Mollusk then Cockroach.
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20
Q

Vertebrates attributes? (2)

A
  • One basic organisational plan with common elements.
  • Complexity increases among taxa from cyclostomes (hagfish), elasmobranchs (shark), teleost fish, amphibians (frog), birds (pigeon), then mammals (human).
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21
Q

Commonalities in vertebrate digestive systems? (3)

A
  • Digestive tube with two openings (mouth & anus/cloaca).
  • Complete digestive tract/alimentary canal.
  • Can have specialised regions for digestion & absorption (similar organs with specialised functions).
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22
Q

Kinds of digestion that occur in digestion? (2)

A
  • Mechanical digestion.
  • Chemical digestion.
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23
Q

Mechanical digestion attributes? (3)

A
  • Breaks food down into smaller parts.
  • Occurs in the oral/buccal cavity, which consists of teeth & saliva.
  • Variations & exceptions.
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24
Q

Why break down food into smaller parts?

A

It’s because it increases surface area for chemical digestion.

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25
Q

Function of saliva in the oral cavity?

A

Lubricates food.

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26
Q

Dentition components in mammals? (4)

A
  • Incisors.
  • Canines.
  • Pre-molars.
  • Molars.
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27
Q

Incisors?

A

= for gnawing.

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28
Q

Canines?

A

= for piercing & tearing.

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29
Q

Pre-molars?

A

= for side-to-side grinding.

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30
Q

Molars?

A

= for side-to-side grinding.

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31
Q

Egs of organisms that don’t chew/have teeth? (3)

A
  • Nectar-feeding bats.
  • Birds.
  • Reptiles.
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32
Q

Nectar-feeding bats?

A

= some mammals don’t chew but feed on nectar as they have elongated incisors & long tongue.

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33
Q

Birds?

A

= in place of teeth, birds have the muscular walls of the gizzard to squeeze the contents, while small stones grind the food (specialised organ for mechanical digestion).

34
Q

Reptiles?

A

= cannot chew but have specialised teeth (recurved teeth), which function as hyperdermic needles & they rely on chemical digestion.

35
Q

Recap: Digestive systems & mechanical digestion? (3)

A
  • Complexity of digestion systems.
  • Digestion: break food down into smaller molecules for absorption.
  • Mechanical digestion.
36
Q

Digestion process in order? (7)

A
  • Buccal/Oral cavity.
  • Oesaphagus.
  • Stomach.
  • Small intestine.
  • Large intestine.
  • Rectum.
  • Anus.
37
Q

Chemical digestion attributes? (3)

A
  • Further splits food particles into smaller molecule.
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis.
  • Occurs in specialised compartments.
38
Q

Enzymatic hydrolysis?

A

= splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water.

39
Q

Attributes pertaining to chemical digestion occurring in specialised compartments? (2)

A
  • It reduces the risk of digesting own cells & tissues.
  • Sphincters (valves) regulates movement.
40
Q

Buccal/Oral cavity attributes? (3)

A
  • Chemical digestion starts.
  • Concurrent with mechanical digestion.
  • Pharynx/Throat opens to the oesophagus (goes to the stomach) & trachea/windpipe (goes to the lungs).
41
Q

How is the buccal/oral cavity concurrent with mechanical digestion? (2)

A

By:

  • Salivary amylase breaking down carbohydrates.
  • Tongue shaping food into a bolus for swallowing.
42
Q

Oesaphagus attributes? (2)

A
  • Swallowing occurs by the epiglottis blocking entry to the trachea.
  • Conducts food to the stomach by peristalsis.
43
Q

Swallowing attributes? (3)

A
  • Epiglottis blocks entry to the trachea.
  • The food bolus is guided into the oesophagus.
  • Coughing occurs when swallowing reflex fails.
44
Q

How does the oesophagus conduct food to the stomach by peristalsis? (2)

A

Through:

  • Rhythmic contractions of oesophagus wall muscles, with
  • Sphincter regulates entry into the stomach.
45
Q

Stomach attributes? (2)

A
  • Secretes gastric juice.
  • Food converted into acid chyme.
  • Have sphincters that regulate entry & exit.
  • Mucous protects stomach lining.
46
Q

Gastric juice attributes & constituents? (4)

A
  • pH = 2.
  • Kills bacteria & denatures proteins.
  • HCl (from parietal cells).
  • Pepsin: protease (from chief cells, pepsinogen).
47
Q

Small intestine attributes? (4)

A
  • Major organ of digestion & absorption.
  • Longest section of the alimentary canal.
  • Peristalsis moves food along.
  • Made up of 3 sections: duodenum, jejunum & ileum.
48
Q

Duodenum attributes? (3)

A
  • Most digestion.
  • Chyme mixes with digestive juices containing hydrolysing enzymes.
  • From pancreas, liver, gall bladder & wall of small intestine.
49
Q

Jejunum & Ileum attributes? (3)

A
  • Mostly absorption of nutrients & water.
  • Nutrients are absorbed & transported throughout the body.
  • Brush-border of villi & microvilli on the intestinal wall has a high SA exposed to lumen, which increases the rate of nutrient absorption.
50
Q

Large intestine attributes? (4)

A
  • Sectioned into the caecum & colon.
  • Has 3 main functions.
  • Faeces are stored in the rectum until they are eliminated.
  • Regulates bowel movements.
51
Q

Caecum attributes? (3)

A
  • Absorbs water & electrolytes.
  • Fermentation of plant materials.
  • Enlarged in herbivores.
52
Q

Colon attributes? (3)

A
  • Absorbs water & electrolytes.
  • Bacteria feed on waste.
  • Some produce vitamins (like E.coli).
53
Q

3 main functions of the large intestine?

A
  • Absorbing water & electrolytes.
  • Absorption of vitamins.
  • Forming & propelling faeces for elimination.
54
Q

Rectum attributes? (2)

A
  • Sphincters exist between the rectum & anus.
  • Stores faeces.
55
Q

Accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

= digestive organs that aid in digestion but are not part of the digestive tract.

56
Q

List of the accessory organs of the digestive system? (4)

A
  • Salivary glands.
  • Gall bladder.
  • Liver.
  • Pancreas.
57
Q

Salivary glands?

A

= secretes enzymes for chemical digestion.

58
Q

Gall bladder attributes? (2)

A
  • Stores secretions from the liver (eg, bile).
  • Empties into the small intestine.
59
Q

Liver attributes? (5)

A
  • Converts nutrients into useful substances for the body.
  • Stores & distributes these substances as needed.
  • Detoxifies harmful molecules.
  • Secretes bile & other molecules for digestion.
  • Processes absorbed nutrients.
60
Q

Pancreas attributes? (3)

A
  • Produces alkaline juices.
  • Neutralises acid chyme in the small intestine.
  • Contains digestive enzymes.
61
Q

Digestion in natural environments? (3)

A
  • Interface between food supply & demand for energy and nutrients.
  • Close relationsip between life history & nutrition.
  • Digestive systems vary with diet.
62
Q

How is there a close relationship between life history & nutrition? (2)

A
  • By fluctuations & seasonality in the availability and abundance of food.
  • Strategies to adjust/survive fluctuations & seasonality in the availability and abundance of food.
63
Q

What are the strategies to adjust/survive fluctuations & seasonality in the availability and abundance of food (4)?

A
  • Breeding season.
  • Animal migration.
  • Hibernation.
  • Flexibility in digestive systems.
64
Q

How do digestive systems vary with diet?

A

Through carnivores ingesting tissues that are easily degraded by enzymes (meat) & herbivores having plant diets that are more difficult to digest.

65
Q

Digestive system variations in vertebrates? (3)

A
  • Four-part stomach in foregut fermenters.
  • Enlarged caecum in hindgut fermenters.
  • Crop & gizzard in birds.
  • Most vertebrates have a cloaca.
66
Q

Foregut fermenters attributes? (2)

A
  • 4 part stomach.
  • Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum and colon.
67
Q

Egs of Foregut fermenters? (3)

A
  • Cattle.
  • Sheep.
  • Giraffes.
68
Q

Hindgut fermenters attributes? (2)

A
  • Enlarged caecum & colon.
  • Microbial fermentation to break down cellulose in plants.
69
Q

Egs of Hindgut fermenters? (3)

A
  • Horses.
  • Rhinos.
  • Rabbits.
70
Q

Crop & gizzard attributes? (2)

A
  • Store food.
  • 2 chambered stomach.
71
Q

Cloaca attributes? (2)

A
  • Exists in most vertebrates instead of an anus.
  • One exit for urinary & faecal waste.
72
Q

Egs of vertebrates with a cloaca? (4)

A
  • Amphibians.
  • Birds.
  • Reptiles.
  • Some mammals.
73
Q

Digestive phenotypic flexibility?

A

= reversible adjustments of the digestive system within individuals.

74
Q

Egs of Digestive phenotypic flexibility? (4)

A
  • Burmese pythons.
  • Red knots.
  • Alpine marmots.
  • Garden warblers.
75
Q

Burmese pythons as an eg of digestive phenotypic flexibility? (2)

A
  • What happens as they are sit-and-wait foragers?
  • What happens when they catch prey?
76
Q

What happens as they are sit-and-wait foragers? (4)

A
  • Weeks to months between meals.
  • Stomach doesn’t produce acid.
  • No secretion from the gall bladder or pancreas.
  • Atrophied intestinal walls with short microvilli.
77
Q

What happens when they catch prey? (4)

A
  • Gut rapidly resumes function.
  • Within 24hours, the pH drops from 7 to 2 & 4xmicrovilli length.
  • Within 48hours, the small intestine is 3x bigger.
  • Pancreas mass doubles & 20x enzyme activity.
78
Q

Red knots as an eg of digestive phenotypic flexibility? (2)

A
  • In summer, feed on soft-bodied prey.
  • In winter, feed on hard-bodied molluscs & thus have larger muscular gizzards.
79
Q

Alpine marmots as an eg of digestive phenotypic flexibility? (2)

A
  • Atrophy of the digestive system during hibernation, which helps with conserving energy.
  • Recovery of digestive system post-hibernation.
80
Q

Garden warblers as an eg of digestive phenotypic flexibility? (2)

A
  • During migration, they decrease body, muscle & organ masses.
  • After a 7-day recovery period, small intestine & gizzard still increasing.
81
Q

Recap: Digestive system variations & flexibility in vertebrates? (2)

A
  • Digestve system variation (foregut fermenters, hindgut fermenters, birds, cloaca).
  • Phenotypic flexibility in digestion (intermittent feeding, dietary changes, hibernation & migration).

BIO3B: Physiology To Behaviour (36 decks)

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