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BIO3B: Physiology To Behaviour > W9: Invertebrate Physiology (Physiology Overview 3) [Dr. Blair] > Flashcards

W9: Invertebrate Physiology (Physiology Overview 3) [Dr. Blair] Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition attributes? (3)

A
  • Underpins survival, growth, metabolism, reproduction & immunity.
  • Without proper nutrition, one can’t out exercise a bad diet.
  • Needs macronutrients, minerals & vitamins.
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2
Q

Egs of Macronutrients? (3)

A
  • Carbohydrates.
  • Proteins.
  • Fats.
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3
Q

Carbohydrates?

A

= energy source (activity).

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4
Q

Protein?

A

= essential for development.

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5
Q

Fats?

A

= energy store via adipose.

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6
Q

Minerals?

A

= important for enzyme function.

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7
Q

Vitamins?

A

= important for metabolic processes.

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8
Q

What do you need to obtain macronutrients, protein & fat? (2)

A
  • A specialised gut.
  • Microbial symbionts.
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9
Q

How do insects “attempt” to gain adequate nutrition?

A

They feed on “all’ organic matter.

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10
Q

2 Strategies of Nutrition?

A
  • Specialist.
  • Generalist.
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11
Q

Specialist attributes? (3)

A
  • Niche partitioning.
  • Co-evolved.
  • Feed on specific organic matter.
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12
Q

Generalist?

A

= able to feed on any food available & is not really specific regarding what it eats.

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13
Q

Pros of being a specialist? (2)

A
  • Reduced competition.
  • Efficient use of resource (specialised whole digestive system for food choice).
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14
Q

Con of being a specialist?

A

Limited resource use.

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15
Q

Pros of being a generalist? (2)

A

-Flexible diet.

  • Wider resources available.
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16
Q

Cons of being a generalist? (2)

A
  • Increased competition.
  • Less efficient at resource use.
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17
Q

Eg of a Specialist?

A

Monarch butterflies.

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18
Q

Eg of Generalis?

A

Honeybees.

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19
Q

Monarch butterfly attributes? (2)

A
  • Larvae feed exclusively on Milkweed plants.
  • Use toxins for themselves.
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20
Q

Honeybees?

A

Forage on a wide variety of plants (various floral sources).

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21
Q

Factors that underpin nutrition? (5)

A
  • Survival.
  • Growth.
  • Metabolism.
  • Reproduction.
  • Immunity.
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22
Q

What happens if an insect (or you) has poor nutrition (malnutrition)? (5)

A
  • High mortality & short lifespan (survival).
  • Slow development (growth).
  • Impaired processes (metabolism).
  • Low egg production & low fertility (reproduction).
  • Low immunity & high infection (immunity).
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23
Q

“Categories”/Strategies in which insects avoid malnutrition? (3)

A
  • Behavioural.
  • Physiological.
  • Diapause.
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24
Q

How do insects avoid malnutrition: Behavioural? (3)

A
  • Selective feeding.
  • Timing of feeding.
  • Compensatory feeding.
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25
Q

How do insects avoid malnutrition: Physiological? (2)

A
  • Nutrient conversion.
  • Downregulate metabolism.
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26
Q

Diapause?

A

= a period of suspended development in a insect during unfavourable environmental conditions.

27
Q

Diapause attributes? (6)

A
  • Dormancy (“hibernate”).
  • Decreases MR.
  • Suspends development.
  • In line with food quality, temperature & photoperiod.
  • Common in areas away from the equator.
  • Increases resistance to stressors.
28
Q

Egs of stressors that insects might experience that might cause them to go into diapause? (3)

A
  • Cold stress.
  • Heat stress.
  • Dessication.
29
Q

Types of diapause? (2)

A
  • Obligatory diapause.
  • Facultative diapause.
30
Q

Obligatory diapause attributes? (2)

A
  • Occurs in every genration, regardless of environmental conditions.
  • Common in univoltine insects.
31
Q

Facultative diapause attributes? (2)

A
  • Occurs only when environmental conditions are unfavourable.
  • Common in multivoltine insects.
32
Q

Univoltine insect?

A

= insect that has 1 generation/year.

33
Q

Multivoltine insect?

A

= insect that has more than 1 generation/year (many generations/year).

34
Q

Eg of a univoltine insect?

A

Burrowing bees.

35
Q

Eg of a multivoltine insect?

A

Mosquitos.

36
Q

Why do insects rely on multiple cues to start/stop diapause (particularly facultative diapause)?

A

To ensure that they have a safety buffer through multiple cues, so that an insect can be certain that it has adequate resources available.

37
Q

What underpins the growth & development of insects?

A

Insect life cycles.

38
Q

Types of insect life cycles? (2)

A
  • Hemimetabolous.
  • Holometabolous.
39
Q

Hemimetabolous attributes? (6)

A
  • Hemi = incomplete.
  • Incomplete/semi metamorphosis.
  • Wing buds present.
  • In exopterygota.
  • Partial change (baba looks similar to adult).
  • Babies are called nymphs.
40
Q

Holometabolous attributes? (6)

A
  • Holo = complete.
  • Complete metamorphosis.
  • Imaginal wings/developed wings in adulthood (present in adults).
  • In endopterygota.
  • Complete change (baba looks completely different from adult).
  • No wings present in babies.
41
Q

Egs of hemimetabolous insect? (2)

A
  • Cockroaches.
  • True bugs.
42
Q

Egs of holometabolous insect? (2)

A
  • Butterflies.
  • Flies.
43
Q

Hemimetabolous insect development stages? (3)

A

Egg
|
Nymph (juvenile)
|
Adult

44
Q

Holometabolous insect development stages? (4)

A

Egg
|
Larvae
|
Pupa (Chrystalis)
|
Adult

45
Q

Imaginal disc?

A

= cells that will differentiate into adult organs (developed wings) present in the larvae’s body.

46
Q

The physiology of growing up (Insect development) attributes? (2)

A
  • Influenced by genetics, hormones & the environment.
  • Generally, it’s:

Egg
|
Juvenile
|
Pupa
|
Adult

47
Q

Egg attributes? (2)

A
  • Embryo in a protective shell.
  • Most insects are oviparous.
48
Q

Oviparous?

A

= to lay eggs.

49
Q

Juvenile attributes? (3)

A
  • Either called Larva/Nymph/Instar/Maggot.
  • Go through several molts as they grow.
  • Focus on feeding/growth.
50
Q

Pupa attributes? (4)

A
  • Occurs in holometabolous insects.
  • Metamorph is inside a protected casing.
  • Larval tissues are reorganised.
  • Imaginal discs are “activated’.
51
Q

Adult attributes? (3)

A
  • No further molts.
  • Wings formed (optional).
  • Functional reproductive system.
52
Q

Insect development: Hormones attributes? (3)

A
  • In both life cycle types.
  • Types exist.
  • Spike when change of stage occurs.
53
Q

Insect development: Hormones types? (2)

A
  • Ecdysone (ECH).
  • Juvenile hormone (JH).
54
Q

Ecdysone (ECH) attributes? (4)

A
  • Triggers molting.
  • ECH causes molting.
  • ECH shedding of the cuticle.
  • Ecdysis.
55
Q

Ecdysis?

A

=

56
Q

Juvenile hormone attributes? (3)

A
  • Controls molt type.
  • High JH retains the juvenile stage (instar molts).
  • Decline in JH causes a transition to an adult.
57
Q

Explain the Insect development: Hormones graph? (6)

A
  • x-axis = Life stage of insect.
  • y-axis = Hormone concentration.
  • During embryo stage, both ECH & JH are high, and embryogenesis is occuring.
  • During larva stage, when ECH is low, JH is high, and peaks in ECH causes molting throughout this stage.
  • During pupa, JH drastically remains low and ECH peaks twice, first during pupariation & second durng metamorphosis (highest ECH), after that ECH decreases.
  • During adult stage,
    both ECH & JH are low, with JH slightly above ECH.
58
Q

Insect development: Environment? (4)

A
  • Environmental influence.
  • High temperatures = fast development.
  • Low temperatures = slow development.
  • Phenotypic plaasticity.
59
Q

Environmental influence?

A

= when the rate of growth & development depends on temperature, humidity & food availability.

60
Q

Phenotypic plasticity?

A

Some insects tend to alter development due to environmental conditions.

61
Q

Eg of phenotypic plasticity?

A

Planthopper nymphs.

62
Q

Explain Planthopper nymphs? (23

A
  • Planthopper nymphs become winged adults if:

(1) Nutrient levels decrease.

(2) Population density increases.

  • They only develop wings in these instances to get better resources.
  • Planthoppers feed on water hyacinth, which occurs as a result of eutrophication.
63
Q

Super summary? (3)

A
  • Nutrition (governs growth & development; malnutrition avoidance strategies).
  • Life cycle (hemimetabolous & holometabolous).
  • Development (egg-juvenile-pupa-adult; roles of hormones; plasticity).

BIO3B: Physiology To Behaviour (36 decks)

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