W11: Invertebrate Physiology (Physiology Of Resistance: Insect Immunity & Insecticides) [Dr. Blair] Flashcards
Main pathogens that attack insects? (4)
- Fungi.
- Viruses.
- Nematodes.
- Bacteria.
Term used to refer to these pathogens?
Entomopathogens.
What is the infection route of viruses?
Infection route is through consumption/being eaten.
What is the infection route of bacteria?
Infection route is through consumption/being eaten.
Which pathogens enter/infect an insect via consumption/being eaten? (2)
- Viruses.
- Bacteria.
What are the infection routes of nematodes/parasitic nematodes? (2)
- Natural openings like the mouth, anus & spiracles.
- Cutaneous penetration, through direct penetration through the insect’s cuticle.
What are the infection routes of fungi? (2)
- Cuticular penetration, through penetration into an insect’s cuticle (outer shell).
- Respiratory infection, where insects inhale fungal spores through their spiracles.
Insect immune system attributes? (4)
- Innate immune system.
- Immediate but non-specific response.
- Pre-programmed response to certain pathogens but no immunological memory.
- Not adaptive.
Mammalian immune system attributes? (3)
- Innate & adaptive responses.
- Respond to certain pathogens with immunological memory.
- Quicker & efficient in future exposures.
Types of insect immunity? (3)
- Physical barriers/response.
- Cellular response.
- Soluble response.
Physical response?
= the exoskeleton (chitin) & gut/tracheal linings act as physical barriers to keep pathogens in or out.
Physical barriers in the insect immune system? (2)
- Exoskeleton (chitin acts as the first line of defence).
- Gut/tracheal linings.
Cellular response?
= insect immune system defends insect through immune cells (hemocytes) found in the haemocoel.
Hemocytes is equivalent to what in humans?
White blood cells.
Immune cells?
= molecules that fight pathogens.
Soluble response?
= where immune cells such as enzymes, melanin & peptides (defensin/attacin) help the insect fight off pathogens.
What about insect wounds?
In the case of insect wounds such as punctured wounds, hemocytes act as platelets and become black due to melanin which contains pigment.
What about the more severe wounds like loss of limbs?
In the case of limb losses, hemocytes and melanin work together to clot the wound, but limb regeneration can occur if the insect is in the juvenile stage (instar/nymphs) and not in the adult stage.