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anatomy & physiology > W7 flashcards > Flashcards

W7 flashcards

1
Q

overview of the skull

A
  • Houses the brain & special sensory organs (eyes, inner ear, tongue)
  • Houses the face
  • Has ONE mobile joint = TMJ
  • important for communication, eating, seeing, smelling & tasting
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2
Q

two parts of the skull

A

neurocranium
viscerocranium

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3
Q

Neurocranium purpose

A
  • Protects the brain
  • Provides attachment for head & neck muscles
  • Houses the special sense organ for hearing
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4
Q

Viscerocranium purpose

A
  • Houses special sense organs for vision, smell & taste
  • Contains openings for the respiratory & digestive tracts
  • Anchors muscles of facial expression
  • Includes the (TMJ)
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5
Q

Neurocranium components

A

frontal bone
parietal bone
occipital bone
temporal bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone

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6
Q

Viscerocranium components

A

zygomatic bone
maxilla
mandible
vomer
palatine bone
nasal bone
lacrimal bone
inferior nasal concha

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7
Q

sphenoid bone

A
  • Butterfly-shaped‘
  • Divided into three parts (body, lesser wings, greater wing)
  • Helps form the base & lateral sides of the skull
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8
Q

ethmoid bone

A
  • In-between eyes and where the nose sits
  • contributes to the medial wall of the orbit
  • Directs inhaled air from the nostrils to the nasal cavity to the lungs
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9
Q

Infant skull

A
  • Larger neurocranium
  • smaller facial skeleton
  • Thin & soft bones

fontanelles
~ soft spot of the skulls where the bones haven’t fully fused yet

~ this is so baby’s head can fit through the birth canal during childbirth

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10
Q

Child skull

A
  • Larger facial skeleton – however proportion is more even
  • Bones are fully fused
  • Infant teeth with adult teeth developing
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11
Q

Adult skull

A
  • Facial skeleton is larger
  • Adult teeth only (possibly tooth gaps or decay)
  • Paranasal sinuses fully developed
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12
Q

Elderly skull

A
  • Smaller mandible & general smaller facial skeleton
  • Thinner bones
  • Loss of teeth
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13
Q

Anatomical spaces of the skull

A

Cranial cavity = contains the brain

Orbits = Contain the eyes & associated structures

Nasal cavity = contains nasal passages

Oral cavity = contains teeth, tongue etc

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14
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity - into the surrounding skull bones

  • Warm and humidifying the inspired air (air we breathe in)
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15
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

connects your jaw to your skull

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16
Q

TMJ - Articular surfaces

A
  • Mandibular fossa & articular tubercle of temporal bone
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17
Q

TMJ - movement

A
  • Elevation (closing) & depression (opening)
  • Protrusion & retrusion
  • Lateral excursion / deviation (Side-to-side gliding in chewing)

GLIDIDNG MOVEMENTS = Mandible being moved from one position to another

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18
Q

face - function

A
  • Brings together the organs for seeing, speaking, smelling, eating (including suckling) and tasting
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19
Q

Sensory innervation of the face

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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20
Q

Trigeminal nerve components

A

Ophthalmic nerve (V1)

Maxillary nerve (V2)

Mandibular nerve (V3

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21
Q

V1 - ophthalmic

A

forehead, upper eye lids, nose ridge

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22
Q

V2 - maxillary

A

Lower eyelids, sides of nose, upper lip

23
Q

V3 - mandibular

A

Lower lip, chin, sides of face

24
Q

Blood supply of the face

A

Arteries supplying blood to the face are mainly branches of the external carotid artery (branch of common carotid artery)

25
Q

Branches of exterior carotid artery

A
  • superior thyroid artery
  • Lingual artery
  • Facial artery
  • Superficial temporal artery
  • Maxillary artery
26
Q

Venous drainage of the face

A

veins draining the face accompany the arteries & ultimately drain into the jugular veins

27
Q

vein components

A
  • Superior thyroid vein
  • Lingual vein
  • Facial vein
  • Superficial temporal vein
  • Maxillary vein
28
Q

Lymphatic drainage – process

A
  • Lymph drains into the venous system
  • Blood is delivered to your tissues, entering the venous system and returning to your heart
  • End up with excess fluid in your tissues, that doesn’t get collected by the venous sytem & need to return its way into circulation
  • Lymphatic vessels collect excess fluid and take it back into the venous system
29
Q

Muscles of mastication

A

= all innervated by the TMJ

  • Temporalis
  • Masseter
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Lateral pterygoid
30
Q

temporalis

A

Origin – temporal fossa

Insertion – coronoid process & tucks inside the ramus on the inside of the mandible

Actions – elevates & retracts mandible (superiorly)

31
Q

Masseter

A

Origin – zygomatic arch

Insertion – angle & lateral surface (outside) of ramus and mandible

Actions – pull on the mandible upwards (elevates)

32
Q

Medial pterygoid

A

Origin – has 2 parts
- Superficial head
- Deep head:

Insertion – medial surface of ramus of mandible – inside of madible

Actions
- Bilaterally: elevates & protrudes mandible (both sides)

  • Unilaterally: laterally deviates mandible to contralateral side (one side)
33
Q

Lateral pterygoid

A

Origin
- upper head: greater wing of sphenoid bone
- Lower head: lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

Insertion – physically attaches to the neck of condylar process of mandible, TMJ capsule and articular disc

Actions
- Bilaterally: protrudes mandible forward for opening your mouth wide

  • Unilaterally: laterally deviates mandible to contralateral side (one side)
34
Q

Mouth opening movement – process

A
  • Head of the mandible sits on the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone when your open your mouths
  • As you open your mouth further, the lateral pterygoid muscle pulls your jaw forward (protrude mandible)
35
Q

mandible - fully opened

A
  • condyle of the mandible slides forward
  • is super imposed on the articular cubicle of the temporal bone
  • (gliding action)
36
Q

Oral region

A
  • Oral cavity
  • Teeth
  • Gums (gingivae)
  • Tongue
  • Palate
  • Oropharyngeal isthmus (fauces)
37
Q

oral cavity divisions

A

Oral cavity proper: internal to the teeth & gingivae

Oral vestibule: between teeth & gingivae and the lips & cheeks

38
Q

oral cavity - functions

A

= Passage for ingested material

  • Hold ingested material prior to swallowing
  • Begin digestion
  • Articulation & resonance for speech
39
Q

oral cavity - boundaries

A

Roof = palate
Floor = muscles (tongue sits on the floor)

~ Anterior = lips
~ Lateral = cheeks
~ Posterior = oropharyngeal isthmus

40
Q

Hard palate

A
  • Palate separated into 2 parts = hard palate & soft palate (closes nasopharynx during swallowing)
  • Has a midline ridge called the palatine raphe
  • has irregular folds of connective tissue called palatine rugae

Palatine rugae

~ extend from anterior palate to area of first premolars

~ highly sensitive

~ assist with speech & swallowing

Alveolar process (or ridge)

~ Bony ridge area closest to the teeth

~ thickened part of the maxillae – containing tooth sockets

~ Important for articulation of alveolar consonants (d, l, n, s, t, z)

41
Q

Mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

= oral cavity is lined by a mucous membrane (mucosa)

  • gingivae (gums) when it surrounds the teeth
  • Gingivae and mucosa allow for greater withstanding of abrasion from ingested material
42
Q

Cleft palate

A

= a birth defect that occurs when the maxillae don’t fuse in utero

  • implication for speech & swallowing
  • Often associated with cleft lip & palate (the incomplete formation of upper lip)
43
Q

Tongue

A

Can be divided into two parts, separated by a V-shaped groove called the sulcus terminalis

~ Oral part: anterior 2/3

~ Pharyngeal part: posterior 1/3

44
Q

cheeks (buccae)

A

Form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
~ moveable
~ continuous with the lips

  • Linked by mucosa
  • Contain fat pads, muscles, nerves & allow the duct of the parotid gland
45
Q

Oropharyngeal isthmus

A
  • form the posterior wall/boundary of the oral cavity
  • Narrow passage (isthmus = narrow) between soft palate and tongue
  • Boundary between oral cavity and oropharynx
  • Bound by the pillars of fauces/faucial pillars
46
Q

major salivary gland - 3 divisions

A
  • Parotid gland
  • Submandibular gland
  • Sublingual gland
47
Q

functions of saliva

A
  • Cleans and moistens the oral cavity
  • Maintains oral hygiene (antibacterial properties, neutralises acid)
48
Q

Parotid gland

A
  • largest salivary gland
  • Located superficially on the face
  • Produces mostly serous secretions
49
Q

Submandibular gland

A
  • Produce most of the total saliva
  • Located deep & inferior to the body of the mandible
  • Produces a mixture of serous & mucous secretions
50
Q

Sublingual gland

A
  • smallest of major salivary glands
  • Located on the floor of the oral cavity
  • Produces mostly mucous secretions
51
Q

nerve supply

A

Parasympathetic NS – rest & digest
= increases salivation

Sympathetic NS – fight or flight
= innervation decreases salivation (via vasoconstriction)

Facial nerve (CN VII)
= submandibular & sublingual glands

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
= parotid gland

CN V
= fibers are carried to the glands they innervate via the V3 division of the trigeminal nerve

52
Q

facial nerve CNVII

A

Taste to anterior 2/3 of the tongue

53
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A

Taste & general sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue and pillars of fauces

54
Q

vagus nerve (CN X)

A

Taste & general sensations to epiglottis and small area of the tongue

anatomy & physiology (11 decks)

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