W6 phonation

Question 1

phonation

Answer 1

• the production and utterance of speech sounds
• voicing begins when air is pushed from the lungs through the glottis = opening between the vocal folds in the larynx)

Question 2

sound production

Answer 2

• True vocal folds are being vibrated via expired air acting upon them
• vocal cords are adducted = (bringing folds together for phonation)
• air coming up from the lungs, hitting the glottis area is stopped
• This combines this expired air + vocal folds which produces phonation

Question 3

Vocal attacks

Answer 3

Simultaneous attack: air released as folds compress (most words)

Breathy attack: air released before folds compress e.g) - Harry

Glottal attack: folds compress before air released e.g) - “I” vowels

Question 4

phonation process

Answer 4

1) vocal folds are compressed together

2) air pressure from trachea rises, exerting pressure on the vocal fold - to push them apart

3) medial surface of vocal folds seperate at bottom first and return to midline at the bottom first

4) vocal folds suck back together - adduct

5) expired air hits bottom part causing them to separate

Question 5

Bernoulli effect

Answer 5

‘if volume flow is constant, velocity must increase at an area of constriction, but have a corresponding decrease of pressure at the constriction”

Question 6

Bernoulli effect - phonation

Answer 6

vocal cords - force of air pushes fold apart and negative pressure created pulls them back together

Question 7

vibration of vocal fold

Answer 7

high intraglottal pressure pushes vocal folds away from midline

elastic recoil of tissue overcomes lower edges of vocal folds causing them to move towards midline - ‘sucked back’

Question 8

how do vocal attacks occur

Question 9

fundamental frequency

Answer 9

• rate of vocal fold vibration
  expressed in Hertz, cycles/ second
• closest perceptual correlate = pitch
• determined by vocal fold stiffness & effective vibrating mass

Question 10

vocal fold stiffness

Answer 10

stiffer the vocal cords the higher rate of vibration

therefore, higher pitch

Question 11

longitudinal tension

Answer 11

changing the length + tension of the vocal folds, changes the rate of vocal fold vibration

Question 12

mechanism - changing vocal fold stiffness

Answer 12

• external force exerted by the cricothyroid muscles
• the internal force exerted through thyroarytenoid muscles

Question 13

laryngeal mechanisms - changing fundamental frequency

Answer 13

medial compression = amount can change the effective mass of the vibrating portions of the vocal folds (changes pitch)

laryngeal elevation / depression = can change vocal fold stiffness (FF + pitch)

Question 14

raising pitch

Answer 14

lengthening + tensing the vocal folds increase the frequency of vibration (stretching & thinning)

Question 15

what muscles aid in raising pitch

Answer 15

cricothyroid

posterior cricoarytenoids

thyroarytenoids

Question 16

lowering pitch

Answer 16

shortening and relaxing vocal folds decreases the frequency of vibration (short and thick) (thyroartenoids involved)

Question 17

possible sounds - glottal fry

Answer 17

• the lowest vocal register
• popping or rattling sound of a very low frequency

Question 18

possible sounds - whisper

Answer 18

vowels are produced by forcing air through a narrow posterior glottal chink

Question 19

phonation - aging

Answer 19

cartilages ossify and calcify, muscle atrophy, connective and epithelial tissues change

overall slowing of movements

Question 20

voice disorders - causes

Answer 20

Vocal misuse/abuse
nerve damage
trauma
illnesses

Question 21

types of voice disorders

Answer 21

Laryngitis (inflamed larynx)

muscle tension dysphoria

Neurological voice disorders

Question 22

Management of voice disorders

Answer 22

Can be solved spontaneously (laryngitis)

Can be resolved by voice therapy (muscle tension dysphoria)

Can be lessened by voice therapy