W3 flashcards
axial skeleton + respiratory system
axial skeleton
- central & core of the body
- Includes the skull, cranium, sternum, ribs & vertebrae
appendicular skeleton
- Body parts that attaches to the axial skeleton
Includes the clavicle, scapula, pelvis, legs, arms etc
vertebral column
- the core part of the axial skeletal system
- supports the head, arms & trunk, and is the scaffold for breathing mechanisms
vertebral column - movements
- Sagittal plane movements (flexion & extension)
- coronal plane (side bending)
- transverse plane (rotation)
vertebral column - components
33 segments
7 cervical vertebrae C1-C7
= (upper spine that support head weight)
12 thoracic vertebrae T1-T12
= (stand upright & protects our organs)
5 lumbar vertebrae L1-L5
= (back stability & attachment for muscles and ligaments.
5 sacral vertebrae S1-S5
= (strengthens the pelvis)
4 coccygeal vertebrae C1-C4
= (supports your weight & balance sitting)
Extension of the vertebrae
gaps in the vertebrae allow for the thoracic area to extend more flexibly, creating greater extension of the back.
vertebral arch
forms the lateral and posterior aspect of each vertebrae & supports spinous and transverse processes
vertebral canal
multiple vertebrae are joined together, where the foramen makes a long tube or canal
Intervertebral foramen
smaller spaces that allow spinal nerves to pass between the spinal cord & body regions.
Joints
formed between typical vertebrae between the bodies to allow for movement
vertebral arch processes
spinous process = attaches muscles & ligaments for flexion, rotation and extension
transverse process
= helps with lateral projection & provide attachment for muscles
types of joint movement
Cartilaginous joint movement = more movement
Fibrous joint movement = usually immovable & lack a joint cavity
intervertebral discs
Between each vertebra is an intervertebral disc that is filled with the nucleus pulposus, which provides cushioning for the spinal column
musculature - rectus abdominus
attached to the 5th, 6th, 7th costal cartilages of lower sternum that depresses the lower ribs
musculature - External obliques
attached to the coxal bone and lower 8 ribs that pulls the lower 8 ribs downwards
musculature - Internal obliques
attached to the coxal bone and lower 4 ribs that pulls the lower ribs downward
musculature - Transverse abdominis
attached to the coxal bone and lower 4 ribs that pulls the lower ribs downward & forces the abdominal wall inward
musculature - scalene muscles
three paired muscles in the lower back (Anterior, Middle, Posterior) that allows for flexion at the neck, and act as accessory muscles of respiration
respiratory system
takes up oxygen from the air we breathe (inspire) and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide (expire)
upper respiratory tract
- sinuses (drains mucus)
- nose (breathes in)
- nasal cavity (passageway for air entering the body)
- pharynx (passageway for air entering the RS)
lower respiratory tract
- larynx (breathing, sound and protects trachea against food aspiration)
- trachea (connects your larynx (voice box) to your lungs)
- bronchi (connecting to your trachea for direct airflow to your lungs)
- bronchioles
lungs - parietal pleura
Inner chest wall is covered by parietal pleura, which allows for the expansion of the ribcage so we can breathe
pharynx
= passageway for air entering the respiratory system
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
respiratory pathway order
- nostrils
- nasal cavity
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- larngopharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- smaller bronchi
- broncioles
- terminal broncioles
conducting zones
Structures that don’t participate in gas exchange
Instead provide rigid passageways that allow air to reach alveoli
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, bronchioles
respiratory zones
Structures that participate in gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs & alveoli
