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anatomy & physiology > W1-6 flashcards > Flashcards

W1-6 flashcards

1
Q

nervous system divisions

A

peripheral

autonomic

somatic

sympathetic

parasympathetic

central

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2
Q

central nervous system

A
  • brain, cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord
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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • sensory & motor neurons sent to/from
  • relay information between your brain and the rest of your body
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4
Q

sensory (afferent) nerve fibres

A

From the PNS to the CNS (e.g. touch of our skin, taste from our tongue)

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5
Q

cranial nerves

A

olfactory

optic

oculomotor

trochlear

trigeminal

abducens

facial

vestibulocochlear

glossopharyngeal

vagus

accessory

hypoglossal

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6
Q

motor (efferent) nerve fibres

A

From CNS to PNS to effect muscles

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7
Q

olfactory nerve I

A

Sense of smell (afferent)

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8
Q

optic nerve II

A

Ability to see (afferent)

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9
Q

oculomotor nerve III

A

Ability to move & blink your eyes (efferent)

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10
Q

trochlear nerve IV

A

Ability to move your eyes up and down or back and forth (efferent)

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11
Q

Trigeminal nerve V

A

Sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movements (both)

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12
Q

Abducens nerve VI

A

Ability to move your eyes (efferent)

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13
Q

facial nerve VII

A

Facial expressions & sense of taste (both)

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14
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

A

Sense of hearing and balance (afferent)

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15
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

A

ability to taste and swallow (both)

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16
Q

Vagus nerve X

A

Digestion and heart rate (both)

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17
Q

Accessory nerve XI

A

Shoulder and neck muscle movement (efferent)

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18
Q

Hypoglossal nerve XII

A

Ability to move your tongue (efferent)

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19
Q

what is the hearing nerve?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve VII

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20
Q

what are the speech and swallowing nerve

A

Trigeminal V

facial VII

Glossopharyngeal IX

vagus X

accessory XI

hypoglossal XII

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21
Q

nerve fibre types

A
  • general somatic afferent
  • general visceral afferent
  • special somatic afferent
  • special visceral afferent
  • general somatic efferent
  • general visceral efferent
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22
Q

somatic vs visceral

A

somatic = body wall muscles

visceral = glands or organs

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23
Q

vestibulocochlear VIII

A

Vestibular nerve = balance

Cochlea = hearing

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24
Q

general vs special

A

general = touch, pain, temp, pressure

special = vision, hearing, taste, and smell

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25
Q

Epineurium

A

wraps around the entire nerve – comprised of many fascicles, & arteries

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26
Q

perineurium

A

bundles many nerve filaments into fascicles

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27
Q

endoneurium

A

wraps around each nerve filament

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28
Q

coronal & frontal plane

A

side to side (start jumps)

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29
Q

horizontal / transverse plane

A

cuts the body in half from the waist (leaning forwards or backwards)

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30
Q

medial plane

A

vertically passes through the middle (being chopped into two even halves)

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31
Q

saggital plane (median)

A

a vertical plane which passes down the midline of the body (similar to medial plane)

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32
Q

flexion

A

decreases the angle between the bones (bending of the joint)

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33
Q

extension

A

a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts

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34
Q

gliding

A

the surfaces of bones slide past one another in a linear direction (chewing)

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35
Q

axial skeleton

A
  • central & core of the body
  • Includes the skull, cranium, sternum, ribs & vertebrae
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36
Q

appendicular skeleton

A
  • Body parts that attaches to the axial skeleton
  • Includes the clavicle, scapula, pelvis, legs, arms etc
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37
Q

vertebral column

A

the core part of the axial skeletal system that supports the head, arms & trunk, and is the scaffold for breathing mechanisms

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38
Q

vertebral column - movements

A
  • Sagittal plane movements (flexion & extension)
  • coronal plane (side bending)
  • transverse plane (rotation)
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39
Q

vertebral column - components

A

33 segments

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vertebrae

5 sacral vertebrae

1 (4) coccygeal vertebrae

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40
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7 = the upper section of the spine that provides support for the weight of your head

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41
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-T12 = helps us stand upright & protects our internal organs (not as flexible)

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42
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5 = provide stability for your back & allow for a point of attachment for many muscles and ligaments.

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43
Q

Sacrum

A

S1-S5 = a shield-shaped bony structure that helps strengthen the pelvis

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44
Q

Coccyx

A

C1 – C4 = the base of your spine that supports your weight & helps you keep your balance when you’re sitting down

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45
Q

Extension of the vertebrae

A

gaps in the vertebrae allow for the thoracic area to extend more flexibly, creating greater extension of the back.

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46
Q

vertebrae

A

a series of bones that make up the vertebral column (or spine)

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47
Q

vertebrae components

A
  • Vertebral Body (bare the bodies weight
  • vertebral arch
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48
Q

Vertebral Arch

A

forms the lateral and posterior aspect of each vertebrae & supports spinous and transverse processes

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49
Q

vertebral Body

A
  • bares the bodies weight
  • provides attachment for discs between the vertebrae
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50
Q

vertebral canal

A

multiple vertebrae are joined together, where the foramen makes a long tube or canal

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51
Q

Intervertebral foramen

A

smaller spaces that allow spinal nerves to pass between the spinal cord & body regions.

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52
Q

Joints

A

formed between typical vertebrae between the bodies to allow for movement

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53
Q

types of joint movement

A

Cartilaginous joint movement = more movement

Fibrous joint movement = usually immovable & lack a joint cavity

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54
Q

intervertebral discs

A

Between each vertebra is an intervertebral disc that is filled with the nucleus pulposus, which provides cushioning for the spinal column

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55
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

attached to the 5th, 6th, 7th costal cartilages of lower sternum that depresses the lower ribs

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56
Q

External obliques

A

attached to the coxal bone and lower 8 ribs that pulls the lower 8 ribs downwards

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57
Q

Internal obliques

A

attached to the coxal bone and lower 4 ribs that pulls the lower ribs downward

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58
Q

Transverse abdominis

A

attached to the coxal bone and lower 4 ribs that pulls the lower ribs downward & forces the abdominal wall inward

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59
Q

Scalene muscles

A

three paired muscles in the lower back (Anterior, Middle, Posterior) that allows for flexion at the neck, and act as accessory muscles of respiration

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60
Q

respiratory system

A

takes up oxygen from the air we breathe (inspire) and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide (expire)

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61
Q

upper respiratory tract

A
  • sinuses (drains mucus)
  • nose (breathes in
  • nasal cavity (passageway for air entering the body)
  • pharynx (passageway for air entering the RS)
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62
Q

lower respiratory tract

A
  • larynx (breathing, sound and protects trachea against food aspiration)
  • trachea (connects your larynx (voice box) to your lungs)
  • bronchi (connecting to your trachea for direct airflow to your lungs)
  • bronchioles
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63
Q

lungs - parietal pleura

A

Inner chest wall is covered by parietal pleura, which allows for the expansion of the ribcage so we can breathe

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64
Q

hearing structures

A
  • outer ear (pinna, external auditory meatus, Tympanic membrane)
  • middle ear (ossicles & Ligaments & muscles)
  • inner ear (cochlea, auditory nerve)
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65
Q

hearing process

A
  • Sound waves travel through ear canal & strike the ear drum.
    -SW enters through the pinna, and is funneled through the external auditory canal
  • causes the tympanic membrane to vibrate
  • Ossicles amplify this sound wave.
  • Stapes move the vibrations in a piston like motion to the bone labyrinth structure.
  • perilymph fluid in the bone labyrinth structure draws these vibrations into a spinal system.
  • SW travel through the cochlear
  • SW cause waves in the SCALA MEDIA - which has the ORGAN of CORTI
  • this is how these are stimulated
66
Q

hearing impairments

A

Conduction deafness = poor sound conduction to the fluids of the inner ear

Sensorineural deafness = Damage to the neural structures (from the cochlear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells)

67
Q

epiglottis

A

acts like lid covering over the glottis - during swallowing it will fold over and protect the glottis/ opening

68
Q

alveoli

A

very thin air filled sacs that allows for easy diffusion of gas

69
Q

Conducting zones

A
  • Structures that don’t participate in gas exchange
  • provide rigid passageways that allow air to reach alveoli

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, bronchioles

70
Q

Respiratory zones

A
  • participate in gas exchange

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs & alveoli

71
Q

lungs - pleural cavity, fluid and membranes

A
  • each lung is covered by a thin membrane (visceral pleura)
  • inner chest wall covered by parietal pleura
72
Q

parietal pleura - breathing

A
  • covers lungs + lines interior wall of the chest cavity
  • allows lungs to slide along easily
  • therefore, assists expansion & contraction of lungs to breathe
73
Q

conchae - sinuses

A
  • covered by mucus membrane
  • increase SA:V so they can provide a humidifying air that passes through before it enters the lungs
74
Q

thorax

A

The area of the body between the neck and the abdomen that allows the ribcage to expand and contract during breathing

75
Q

thorax - breathing

A
  • inspiration = the diaphragm contracts & pulls downward
  • the muscles between the ribs also contract & pull upward
  • This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside.
  • therefore = air moves in and fills the lungs
76
Q

boyles law

A
  • the relationship between volume & the pressure of gas
  • outlines that if an amount of gas has a certain temperature, increasing its volume = a decrease in pressure
77
Q

boyles law - breathing

A
  • inspiration = size of thoracic cavity increases when the lungs expand
  • this increases the volume
  • causing pressure in lungs to decrease - due to air coming in
78
Q

pleural membranes & fluid support lung movement

A
  • PM & PF form seal in inner thoracic wall
  • seal allows thoracic cavity to change size, shape, volume
79
Q

expiration process

A
  • volume of thoracic activity decreases
  • pressure within lungs increases
  • diagphram = returns to resting position
  • external intercostal muscles = relax & reduce thoracic cavity
80
Q

inspiration proccess

A
  • volume of thoracic activity increases
  • pressure within lungs decreases
  • diagphram flattens = contracts
  • external intercostal muscles = elevate ribs & sternum (air in)
81
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs within each respiratory cycle

82
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air forcibly inhaled after normal tidal volume (deep breathing)

83
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

extra air above the normal volume that can be forcefully exhaled out (exercise)

84
Q

vital capacity

A

total useable volume of the lungs that you can control

85
Q

quiet breathing

A
  • breathing during rest, where the diaphragm & external intercostal muscles relax
  • decreases chest volume
  • increases pressure in lungs
86
Q

forced breathing

A
  • internal intercostal muscles working to decrease size of thoracic cavity, to allow the ribcage to push all the air out
  • exercise & speaking
87
Q

muscles - quiet breathing

A
  • diaphragm
  • external intercostals
88
Q

muscles - forced breathing

A
  • diaphragm & intercostal muscles = contract
  • scalenes = contract & lift thoracic wall - increasing lung V
  • internal/external obliques = contract - forcing abs upwards against diaphragm (moves air out)
89
Q

Breathing apparatus sub division

A

Pulmonary apparatus = lungs & airways

Chest wall = rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm & abdominal content

Pulmonary = chest wall unit

90
Q

rib cage function

A

elevate and depress to support breathing

91
Q

rib cage structure

A

ribs (1-10)

Directly (1-7)

Indirectly (8-10)

92
Q

Coastal cartilage

A

helps to prolong the ribs forward & contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax

93
Q

sternum

A

a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest that protects the thoracic organs from trauma

94
Q

clavicles

A

S-shaped bone that rests horizontally at the sternum across the upper part of the ribcage

95
Q

Coastovertebral joints

A

allows for the Elevation and Depression of the ribs occurs at the costovertebral joints

96
Q

rib elevation

A

During inspiration the ribs are elevated

97
Q

rib depression

A

during expiration the ribs are depressed

98
Q

True ribs

A

1-7 attach to the sternum and elevate the ribs by moving in a superior and anterior motion

99
Q

ribs - labelled

A
  • articulator facets
  • head
  • neck
  • costal angle
  • shaft
  • costal groove
  • site of articulation (with costal cartilage)
100
Q

false ribs

A

8-10 don’t attach directly to the sternum and move in a bucket handle motion to increase or decrease the thoracic cavity during respiration

101
Q

floating ribs

A

(11-12) attach to the thoracic spine and protect our vital organs

102
Q

muscles of the thorax

A
  • Thoracic Diaphragm
  • Intercostal muscles (External & Internal)

~ Accessory inspiratory muscles

~ Accessory expiratory muscles

103
Q

Thoracic Diaphragm

A

the primary muscle of inspiration that is domed shape, allowing it to contract and flatten

104
Q

EXTERNAL Intercostal muscles

A
  • allow for INSPIRATION to occur by contracting the ribs upwards, creating space in the thoracic cavity and expanding the lungs for air to enter
105
Q

INTERNAL Intercostal muscles

A
  • allow for EXPIRATION to occur by contracting and compressing the thoracic cavity, decreasing its size and volume to expel air out
106
Q

Accessory inspiratory muscles

A
  • provide assistance to the main breathing muscles when additional power is needed
  • Elevate top & anterior rib cage
  • lift the 3rd, 4th, 5th ribs to increase space for air in the lungs
107
Q

Accessory expiratory muscles purpose

A
  • activated when we experience high respiratory load (coughing) or low inspiratory muscle capacity
  • Thoracic volume can be quickly decreased by large abdominal muscles
  • pulls down lower ribs = causing expiration
108
Q

Accessory expiratory muscles involved

A

~ Rectus abdominus
~ internal & external obliques
~transversus abdominus

109
Q

larynx

A

connects the throat to the trachea, that allows our airways to be protected and provides us with the ability to produce phonation

110
Q

larynx location

A

anterior of the neck at the C3-C6 vertebrae

111
Q

thyroid cartilage

A

facilitates the superior movement of the larynx during swallowing

112
Q

cricothyroid cartilage

A

complete ring of cartilage around the trachea

113
Q

upper larynx

A
  • Quadrangular membrane
  • Ventricular membrane
114
Q

lower larynx

A
  • Conus elastics
115
Q

larynx region - Supraglottal region

A

ensure that food or liquids do not go in the wrong direction and into the lungs

116
Q

False vocal folds / ventricular folds

A

Sit above the true vocal cords and help prevent food from entering the trachea when swallowing

117
Q

true vocal folds

A

Formed by superficial border of the conus elastics that allow us to produce sound

118
Q

cricoarytenoid joint

A
  • connects the cricoid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilage
  • allows the vocal fold to open or close
  • supports movement = rotate and glide
  • pitch changes
119
Q

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

types

  • Adductors & abductors
  • Tensors & relaxers

purpose

  • open/ close vocal folds
  • Tense / relax vocal folds
120
Q

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A
  • Hyoid & laryngeal elevators & depressors
  • works to elevate & depress larynx
121
Q

adduction - speech

A
  • movement of the vocal folds toward the midline
  • glottis folds CLOSED = for phonation to occur
  • arytenoid cartilages
122
Q

Abduction - speech

A
  • folds separated for voiceless sounds & breathing (rest position)
  • opens glottis for whispering + breathing
  • posterior cricoid cartilage & arytenoid cartilages
123
Q

length change - speech

A
  • change in tension of vocal folds
  • stretches & thins vocal folds which changes pitch
124
Q

glottis positions

A
  • triangles joined = voiced
  • triangles upside down = whispering
  • triangles seperated/opened = breathing
125
Q

Phonation

A

-the production and utterance of speech sounds

-voicing begins when air is pushed from the lungs through the glottis = opening between the vocal folds in the larynx)

126
Q

sound production

A
  • True vocal folds are being vibrated via expired air acting upon them
  • vocal cords are adducted = (bringing folds together for phonation)
  • air coming up from the lungs, hitting the glottis area is stopped
  • This combines this expired air + vocal folds which produces phonation
127
Q

Vocal attacks

A

Simultaneous attack: air released as folds compress (most words)

Breathy attack: air released before folds compress e.g) - Harry

Glottal attack: folds compress before air released e.g) - “I” vowels

128
Q

phonation process

A

1) vocal folds are compressed together

2) air pressure from trachea rises, exerting pressure on the vocal fold - to push them apart

3) medial surface of vocal folds seperate at bottom first and return to midline at the bottom first

4) vocal folds suck back together - adduct

5) expired air hits bottom part causing them to separate

129
Q

Bernoulli effect

A

‘if volume flow is constant, velocity must increase at an area of constriction, but have a corresponding decrease of pressure at the constriction”

130
Q

Bernoulli effect - phonation

A

vocal cords - force of air pushes fold apart and negative pressure created pulls them back together

131
Q

vibration of vocal folds

A
  • high intraglottal pressure pushes vocal folds away from midline
  • elastic recoil of tissue overcomes lower edges of vocal folds causing them to move towards midline - ‘sucked back’
132
Q

how do vocal attacks occur

A

timing in which air hits glottis and vocal cords do something

133
Q

fundamental frequency

A
  • rate of vocal fold vibration
  • expressed in Hertz, cycles/ second
  • closest perceptual correlate = pitch
  • determined by vocal fold stiffness & effective vibrating mass
134
Q

vocal fold stiffness

A
  • stiffer the vocal cords the higher rate of vibration
  • therefore, higher pitch
135
Q

longitudinal tension

A

changing the length + tension of the vocal folds, changes the rate of vocal fold vibration

136
Q

average fundamental frequencies

A

male = 130 Hz
female = 220 Hz

137
Q

mechanism - changing vocal fold stiffness

A
  • external force exerted by the cricothyroid muscles
  • the internal force exerted through thyroarytenoid muscles
138
Q

laryngeal mechanisms - changing fundamental frequency

A
  • medial compression = amount can change the effective mass of the vibrating portions of the vocal folds (changes pitch)
  • laryngeal elevation / depression = can change vocal fold stiffness (FF + pitch)
139
Q

raising pitch

A

lengthening + tensing the vocal folds increase the frequency of vibration (stretching & thinning)

140
Q

what muscles aid in raising pitch

A

cricothyroid

posterior cricoarytenoids

thyroarytenoids

141
Q

lowering pitch

A
  • shortening and relaxing vocal folds decreases the frequency of vibration (short and thick) (thyroartenoids involved)
142
Q

possible sounds - breathy

A

whispy, raspy, weak etc

143
Q

possible sounds - glottal fry

A
  • the lowest vocal register
  • popping or rattling sound of a very low frequency
144
Q

possible sounds - whisper

A
  • vowels are produced by forcing air through a narrow posterior glottal chink
145
Q

phonation - aging

A
  • cartilages ossify and calcify, muscle atrophy, connective and epithelial tissues change
  • overall slowing of movements
146
Q

voice disorders - causes

A
  • Vocal misuse/abuse
  • nerve damage
  • trauma
  • illnesses
147
Q

sound

A

vibrations that travel through the air and can be heard when they reach a person’s ear.

148
Q

how is sound measured

A

Amplitude = loudness

Frequency = pitch

149
Q

muscles of the thorax - forced inspiration

A
  • Thoracic Diaphragm
    -Phrenic nerve
  • External intercostals
  • Intercostal nerves
150
Q

muscles of the thorax - forced expiration

A
  • Internal intercostals depress ribs & reduce size of thorax
  • Abdomen is compressed by abdominal muscles (push more air out)
151
Q

Accessory inspiratory muscles

A
  • scalene (elevate first two ribs for air space)
  • pectoral muscles (lift the 3-5th ribs to increase space for air in the lungs)
  • sternocleidomastoid muscle (creates space for your lungs to take in air)
152
Q

Accessory expiratory muscles

A
  • Rectus abdominus
  • internal & external obliques
  • transversus abdominus

= (pulls the ribs down for decreasing size and volume of thoracic cavity

153
Q

muscles involved in the extension of the vertebral column

A
  • erector spinae group
  • transversospinales group
154
Q

larynx skeleton

A

= comprised of 6 cartilages

single cartilages
- epiglottis
- thyroid
- cricothyroid

paired cartilages
- aryntenoid
- corniculate
- cuniform

155
Q

larynx components

A

laryngeal inlet = opening
vestibule = entrance
ventricle = hollow cavity in organ
supraglottic cavity
glottis = vocal cords location
infraglottic cavity =

156
Q

larynx nerves

A

superior laryngeal nerve = sensory (vocal cords)

recurrent laryngeal nerve = motor

157
Q

suprahyoid

A
  • elevates larynx by lifting the hyoid bone
  • raises pitch
158
Q

infrahyoid

A
  • lowers hyoid bone & pitch
159
Q

posterior cricothyroid

A
  • open glottis ABDUCT
  • nerve supply = CNX
160
Q

lateral cricothyroid

A
  • close glottis ADDUCT
  • nerve supple = CNX
161
Q

cricothyroid

A
  • lengthens true vocal folds

anatomy & physiology (11 decks)

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