w6 histology Flashcards
where does the elastin lie
lamina propria
PT presents with crushing’s like symptoms from ectopic ACTH secrection. Where is the likely source?
Tumor can cause crushing’s like symptoms, ACTH secrection in the respiratory epithelium
there is a mutation in the serous secretions of the submucousal glands. What layer is most likely disturbed?
if the patient was not able to create glycoproteins what layer would be distrubed
Sol layer
gel layer
- Gel layer: Mucous layer derived from goblet cells and mucous portion of submucosal glands; Viscous, lubricating properties due to mucins(hydrophilic glycoproteins that are hydrated to form mucus)
- Sol layer: Watery, periciliarylayer derived from serous portion of submucosalglands
a male patient presents to the infertility clinic with infertility issues and has a long history of chronic respiratory infections. what is likely the source of his problem?
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (or Immotile Cilia Syndrome) from a dyein mutation
if the patient also presented with: (1) dextrocardia with or without situsinversus, (2) chronic sinusitis, and (3) bronchiectasis = •Kartagener’ssyndrome:
situs invertus is only some times because the beating of the cillia determines the orientation in embryology
compare and contrast COPD from metaplasia
metaplasia
Goblet cell hyperplasia increased cell number; increased mucous secretions protect surface from physical stress & mucosal irritants
Basal cell hyperplasia indicates stem cell proliferation and differentiation to replace cells that are damaged
Squamous cell metaplasia offers better protection against increased airflow that may be associated with “smoker’s cough”, bronchiectasis
COPD
hypertrophy of glands in trachea and bronchi
goblet cell hyperplasia extending into small bronhioles
where are the stem cells within the lung
basal cells
type II pneumocytes (can diff into type 1 so more plastic)
patient presents with edema contained to the superficial lamina propria, what is this called?
a Cyst or Reinke’s edema
what area of the submucousa is subject to changes with age
the hyaline cartilage in the anterior and lateral edges can essify with age
Posterior wall contains trachealissmooth muscle, fibroelastic ligamentconnecting ends of rings
what is the smooth muscle called in the trachea and in the bronchus
trachealis and muscularis
is this an extrapulmonary or intrapulmonary artery and how do you know
extrapulmonary because it has complete rings of cartilage while intrapulmonary cartilage has discontinous rings
a baby is born with a lung that is not working, what is likely the problem
Congenital neonatal emphysema
Congenital absence of bronchial cartilage formation
air can enter but cannot exit
cartilage rings help prevent collapsing of bronchi during exhalation
differentiate between restrictive and obstructive lung diseases
obstructive–> cant get air out (dysnea and wheezing)
restrictive–> cant get air in
Restrictive lung diseases decrease the lung volume and the compliance
Obstructive lung diseases increase the lung volume and the compliance
patient presents with signs of COPD how can we quickly estimate the pathology
Reid Index to analyze the gland hypertrophy
Ratio of seromucous gland acini to wall from epithelial basement membrane to inner surface the cartilage (A/B);normal value is 0.4; measurements of > 0.55 seen in many patients with chronic bronchitis
what conditions present with wheezing
Asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis (COPD)
where do goblet cells stop
brionchiole, none in terminal bronchiole