W6: Cancer Bio Flashcards
Tumor is __ when the word cancer is used
malignant
Cell types:
carcinoma
sarcoma
melanoma
lymphoma/leukemia
carcinoma - epithelial
sarcoma - mesenchymal
melanoma - melanocytes
lymphoma/leukemia - hematologic
Metastatic cells overcome multiple barriers (4)
loss of cellular adhesion
increase mobility
entry and survival in circulatory system
exit and colonize distant tissue site
Name 10 steps of metastatic cascade
- growth
- loss of adhesion
- cross BM
- invade ECM
- Intravasation (enter blood stream)
- circulation
- attachment at distant site
- extravasation (mimic leukocyte)
- growth
- angiogenesis
2 main hypothesis for organ preference of metastasis are
Paget’s “seed and soil” hypothesis (certain tumors affinity for milieu of specific organs)
Ewing’s “mechanical” factors (anatomical structure of vascular system)
Breast cancer metastasizes to __
bone
First 4 steps are initial steps in metastasis.
They are also required for local invasion.
name them
- growth
- loss of adhesion
- cross BM
- invade ECM
Steps for local invasion and __ of metastasis are the same.
initiation
Name the steps of metastatic cascade that fall under EMT
- cross BM
- invade ECM (degrade)
- intravasation (enter blood) - gain motility
During EMT, cells switch cadherin __ to __
E to N
EMT is marked by loss of cadherin __ which is __ dependent
cadherin E (loss of adhesion); Ca2+
Normal cells that detach undergo __ but cancer cells must already have acquired mutation of __ __ gene prior to loss of adhesion to survive.
apoptosis
tumor suppressor
When BM is dissolved, it is marked by decrease in __
TIMP (protease inhibitors)
movement across the ECM is mediated by __ (protein) and __ factors.
integrin, chemotactic
“highway for migration” during EMC invasion means:
realignment of EMC fibrils
Define intravasation and extravasation
in: invasion of cancer cells through the BM into a blood or lymphatic vessel
ex: movement from vessel to tissue
During intravasation, organs with leaky vessels due to __ have higher rates of metastasis
VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)
mesenchymal tumor enters __
epithelial tumor enters __
mesenchymal: blood vessel
epithelial: lymphatics
Survival in circulation: loss of matrix adhesion usually leads to cell death called __
anoikis
Survival in circulation: form a “wolf pack” of cells called (composition)
tumor emboli (tumor cells + RBC/platelets)
Attachment at distant site: exploit extravasation mechanism of leukocytes via molecules (3)
selectin ligands
CD44
integrins
metastasis usually spreads:
lung to __
breast to __
lung to adrenal gland
breast to bone
