W4: Innate Immunity and Mediators of Inflammation

Question 1

2 lipid mediators derived from the COX pathway are TXA2 and PGI2. State their function.

Answer 1

TXA2: increase platelet aggregation, increase vascular tone (vasoconstriction)

PGI2 does the opposite

Question 2

TXA2/PGI2 is a vasoconstrictor, increasing/decreasing vascular tone.

Answer 2

TXA2, increase

increased vascular tone means constricting

Question 3

AA is converted to prostaglandin by enzyme:

Answer 3

COX (cyclooxygenase)

Question 4

AA is converted to leukotriene by enzyme:

Answer 4

5-lipoxygenase

Question 5

PAF (__) is derived from __.

Its pleotropic effects are:

Answer 5

Platelet Activating Factor, Phospholipids

vasodilation
platelet aggregation
bronchoconstriction
neutrophil chemotaxis

Question 6

Aspirin inhibits enzyme __

Steroids inhibit enzyme __

__ inhibits more upstream of AA pathway.

Answer 6

COX1,2; PLA2

steroid

Question 7

PGI2, a potent vasodilator/vasoconstrictor, is made in __ cells.

Answer 7

vasodilator, endothelial

Question 8

Chemokines:

__ recruit neutrophils
__ recruit monocytes

Answer 8

IL-8

MCP-1

Question 9

Cells that have TLR

Answer 9

DC, monocyte/marcrophages, mast cells, epithelial cells

Question 10

PAMP is recognized by ___ and activates ___.

Answer 10

TLR, NF-κB

• important in regulating cellular responses
• “rapid-acting” primary transcription factors, i.e., transcription factors that are present in cells in an inactive state and do not require new protein synthesis in order to become activated.
• first responder to harmful cellular stimuli
• induced byROS, TNFα, IL-1β, bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), isoproterenol, cocaine, and ionizing radiation
• rapid changes in gene expression
• stimulation of TLRs leads to activation of NF-κB (TLR4 receptor for the LPS component of Gram-negative bacteria.)
• TLRs are key regulators of both innate and adaptive immune responses

Question 11

Acute Phase Protein made in the liver

Answer 11

CRP (C-reactive protein)

Question 12

Name 3 functions of the complement system

Answer 12

1) limit pathogen spread
2) activate innate immunity
3) create MAC to lyse pathogen

Question 13

How is blood plasma and serum different?

Answer 13

Plasma is all cells removed.

Serum is all cells plus blood clots removed

Question 14

Serum/plasma is the solution where anti-coagulant is added

Answer 14

Plasma (coagulation proteins are still there)

Question 15

Coagulation proteins are still present in serum/plasma

Answer 15

plasma

Question 16

IL-8 induces chemotaxis of __

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

Fever is induced by

Answer 17

TNFa, IL-1 (PGE2 in the brain)

Question 18

5 hallmarks of acute inflammation

Answer 18

calor (heat)
dolor (pain)
rubor (redness)
tumor (swelling)
loss of fx

Question 19

NO is a vasodilator/vasoconstrictor that also mediates bradykinin, histamine, substance P

Answer 19

vasodilator (smooth muscle)

Question 20

Substance P is released at __

Answer 20

nerve ending

Question 21

Substance P fx:

Answer 21

vasodilation (NO)
vascular permeability
release histamine from mast cell

Question 22

G-CSF and GM-CSF function

Answer 22

increase neutrophil production in bone marrow

Question 23

Histamine is mainly released by __

Answer 23

mast cell

Question 24

histamine/serotonin induces

Answer 24

vasodilation and vascular permeability

Question 25

Histamin action on muscles (blood vessels and lung)

Answer 25

vasodilation on bv | bronchoconstriction on lung

Question 26

Leukotriene is induced in hypersensitivity __

Answer 26

I (control allergic response)

Question 27

Disease associated with abnormal leukotriene production are (3)

Answer 27

asthma inflammatory bowel disease glomerulonephritis

Question 28

In leukocyte extravasation, selectin _ is mobilized rapidly upon activation and selectin _ becomes more dominant a few hours later on endothelia. Selectins bind to __ on leukocytes

Answer 28

Selectin P Selectin E (later) glycoproteins

Question 29

Selectin _ is expressed constitutively on leukocytes

Answer 29

L

Question 30

During tight binding of extravasation, __ and __ interact

Answer 30

integrin (leukocytes) | ICAMs (endothelium, epithelium)

Question 31

ICAM is critical for recruitment of __

Answer 31

leukocytes

Question 32

Surface protein interactions: endothelium/leukocyte Selectin/__ ICAM/ __

Answer 32

glycoprotein | integrin

Question 33

__, __ and __ are expressed on leukocyte cell surface (extravasation)

Answer 33

glycoprotein integrin L-selectin

Question 34

DAMP - | PAMP -

Answer 34

danger associated molecular pattern (self) | pathogen associated molecular pattern (pathogen)

Question 35

List innate immune cells

Answer 35

Most except T,B cells ``` monocyte/macrophages DC Poly morphonuclear cells (PMC or Poly) - neutro, baso, eos mast cells NK cells Innate lymphoid cells ```

Question 36

ROS is generated in __ and __ cells, important in respiratory burst.

Answer 36

neutrophil, macrophages/monocytes

Question 37

Parasitic invasions are associated with __ and __ (cells)

Answer 37

eosinophil | basophil

Question 38

Cytokine generated in response to viral infections important to innate immunity

Answer 38

Type I INF (interferon)

Question 39

pDCs express high levels of __ and produce __ in response to __ invasion.

Answer 39

(plasmacytoid dendritic cells) TLR Type I IFN viral

Question 40

Create a sentense with following word bank: PAMP, TLR, NFkB

Answer 40

When TLR bind to PAMP, immune cell produces NFkB.

Question 41

Type I IFNa is crucial part of adaptive/innate immune system, especially in __ infection, produced by __

Answer 41

innate, viral, pDC

Question 42

Oxygen-dependent phagocytic killing mechanism; part of __ immune system

Answer 42

respiratory/oxidative burst, innate

Question 43

Phagocytic killing: name key component in each pathway - oxygen-dependent oxygen-independent

Answer 43

oxygen-dependent: ROS oxygen-independent: phago-lysosome

Question 44

Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) is a genetic disease where phagocytes can't carry out __ __ due to mutation in enzyme __ __.

Answer 44

respiratory burst NADPH oxidase

Question 45

Significance of NADPH oxidase in phagocytes?

Answer 45

it converts O2 to ROS, enabling oxidative burst

Question 46

TXA2 and PGI2 sites of production

Answer 46

TXA2: platelets PGI2: endothelial cells

Question 47

Beneficial effect of aspirin/NSAID

Answer 47

``` reduce: pain fever inflammatory response severity of myocardial infarction risk of cancer ```