W5 - Nutrition - Adolescents & Older Adult Flashcards
List some body changes that happen during adolescence
Rapid growth
⬆️ metabolic rate
Skin acne
Menstruation
== Can ⬆️ risk of deficiencies
Growth spur in Females
11-15yrs
~8.3kg/year
16-27% ⬆️ body fat
Growth spur in Males
13-16yrs
~23.7kg
12% ⬇️ body fat
Why are female adolescents at risk from iron deficiency
Due to losses through menstruation
Why are male adolescents at risk from iron deficiency
⬆️ demand to grow lean body mass
How can an adolescent increase their iron intake?
⬆️ intake of lean red meat, liver, poultry + fish = haem iron
Beans, veg + iron-fortified cereals = non-haem iron
Besides iron, which other nutrients are important for adolescents
Calcium + phosphorus
Why is calcium + phosphorus especially important during adolescence
~45% of adult skeleton is being formed
Calcium for this growth must be derived from diet.
What happens to Vitamin D needs as you age?
Needs increase
What is adulthood characterised by?
Body maintenance
Gradual physical + physiological transitions.
Factors Affecting Rate of Ageing
Heredity
Lifestyle
Env
Calories (adulthood –> elderly)
Decline in basal metabolism means lower req of calories as adult age ⬆️.
Protein (adulthood –> elderly)
Must be careful w/ amount of intake as we age due to proteins waste products needing to be removed by the kidneys.
= Excessive protein intake may accelerate kidney function decline.
Fat (adulthood –> elderly)
Good idea to ⬇️ total fat intake due to ⬆️ risk of obesity, heart diseases + certain cancers.
CHO (adulthood –> elderly)
Recommended to shift CHO composition to emphasise complex CHO more than simple.
What does a diet richer in complex CHO make it easier for?
To meet nutrient needs + remain w/in calorie bounds.
Also easier for body to control blood glucose levels - a function that becomes less efficient as body fatness + inactivity ⬆️ w/ age.
Fibre (adulthood –> elderly)
Diet rich in fibre helps adults ⬇️ risk of colon cancer, heart disease.
Also lowers their blood cholesterol + avoid constipation.
What can LOW fluid intakes in older adults be caused by?
Fading sensitivity to thirst sensations
Chronic diseases
Conscious reductions in fluid intake to ⬇️ freq of urination.
Why might elderly especially have an incr fluid output?
Due to medication
i.e diuretics + laxatives
What can dehydration cause in elderly
Disorientation
Mental confusion
Constipation
Impacted fecal matter
Death
Give an example of how iron deficiency can be caused in the elderly
Use of medicine i.e aspirin
Iron (adulthood –> elderly)
Impaired absorption
Due to age-related declines in stomach acid prod may contribute to their iron deficiency.
Zinc (adulthood –> elderly)
Why does absorption decline with age?
Due to ⬇️ in stomach acid prod
What may poor zinc status contribute to? (adulthood –> elderly)
Loss of taste
Mental lethargy
Delayed wound healing
Magnesium (adulthood –> elderly)
What may inadequate intakes contribute to?
Loss of bone strength
Muscular weakness
Mental confusion
Potassium (adulthood –> elderly)
What are adequate intakes needed for?
Maintaining fluid balance
Transmitting nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
(adulthood –> elderly)
As we age, stomach slows its production of acid which leads to…
Poor absorption of VB12 + eventually to pernicious anaemia.
What does low intake of Vitamin E mean?
Body has a red supply of antioxidants
= May ⬆️ degree of cell damage cause by free radicals
== Promotes progression of chronic diseases, cataracts + speeds ageing.
Body composition changes in the elderly
⬇️ muscle mass (sarcopenia)
⬇️ bone mass
⬆️ body fat %
Reduced bone mass in the elderly
Due to endocrine changes.
Larger ⬇️ in women due to menopause.
= Don’t prod as much or any oestrogen which can have an impact on bone remodelling so we use the calcium storage in bones = ⬇️ bone mass.
=== Also why risk of osteoporosis is higher in F than M.
Elderly ability to absorb zinc
Ability ⬇️ due to changes in gastric function
Why might it become hard for elderly to intake sufficient amounts of protein?
Difficulty chewing it
Anabolic resistance - Their ability to extract protein + use for muscle building is impaired.
