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Nutrition Science > Development of the gut microbiota in infancy & its impact on health in later life > Flashcards

Development of the gut microbiota in infancy & its impact on health in later life Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define gut microbiota

A

Microorganisms incl. bacteria, archaea & fungi that live in the digestive tracts.

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2
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

States that less expose to parasites + microbes leads to an overreactive immune system.

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3
Q

When is gut microbial ecology + function dynamic and when is it stabilised?

A

Dynamic in infancy

Stabilised in childhood

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4
Q

Functions of a healthy gut microbiota

A

Metabolising barely digestible polysaccharides

Detoxification

Barries vs pathogens

Aiding in development of the host immune system

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5
Q

Define dysbiosis

A

When the symbiotic relationship between the host + gut microbiota is altered.

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6
Q

What diseases is dysbiosis associated with?

A

IBD

IBS

Obesity

Allergy

Brain disorders

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7
Q

When does intestinal bacterial colonisation begin?

A

When a foetus is in the lower uterus.

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8
Q

When are infants gut microbiota established?

A

After birth, after 2 big transitions in infancy.

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9
Q

Infants gut microbiota is established after birth after 2 big transitions in infancy, what are these?

A

Lactation

Weaning period

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10
Q

Infants gut microbiota is established after birth after 2 big transitions in infancy.

What does lactation result in for the gut microbiota?

A

The dominance of bifidobacterium

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11
Q

Infants gut microbiota is established after birth after 2 big transitions in infancy.

What does the weaning period result in for the gut microbiota?

A

Establishment of an adult-type complex microbiome dominated by bacteriodetes + firmicutes.

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12
Q

Up to what age do the 2 big transitions causing a change to infants gut microbiota continue until?

A

3 years of age

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13
Q

Define enterotypes

A

Classification of org. based on the bacteriological composition of their gut microbiota.

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14
Q

What are enterotypes classified into?

A

3 types dominated by:

  • Bacteroides
  • Prevotella
  • Firmicutes
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15
Q

What is the early establishment of gut microbiota affected by?

A

Delivery mode (cesarean vs vaginal delivery)

Breast milk vs formula feeding

Antibiotic use

Timing of intro of solid foods + cessation of milk feeding

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16
Q

Intestinal bacteria + their metabolites incl short chain FAs play an important role in the proliferation + differentiation of T cells such as…

A

Regulatory T cells

Helper T cells

B cells

17
Q

What can disturbances to the development of gut microbiota in infancy cause?

A

Immune diseases

i.e food allergies, atopic dermatitis (eczema) + asthma.

18
Q

What is an infants gut microbiota dominated by + maintained until the introduction of solid food?

A

Bifidobacterium (“Bidifus flora”) + some lactic acid bacteria.

19
Q

What happens to an infants gut microbiota after weaning?

A

Bidifus flora is outcompeted by adult-type organisms i.e

Bacteroides
Prevotella
Ruminococcus
Clostridium

  • These colonise the infants intestines.
20
Q

What do solid foods do to gut microbiota?

A

Promote the growth of bacteria enriched in gene coding to allow the utilisation of a larger variety of CHO + vitamin synthesis.

21
Q

EFFECT OF THE MODE OF NEWBORN DELIVERY

Vaginally delivered

A

Their gut microbiota resemble that of the mothers vagina.

22
Q

What is the mothers vaginal microbiota dominated by?

A

Lactobacillus

Prevotella

Sneathia

23
Q

EFFECT OF THE MODE OF NEWBORN DELIVERY

Caesarean delivery

A

Newborns gut microbiota are most similar to skin microbiota

24
Q

What is skin microbiota dominated by?

A

Staphylococcus

Corynebacterium

Propionibacterium

25
Q

What happens to newborns born through elective caesarean (planned caesarean)?

A

Have low bacterial diversity

26
Q

What has caesarean birth been associated w?

A

⬆️ risk for immune disorders i.e asthma + celiac disease.

27
Q

What does human milk contain?

A

Proteins

Fats

CHO

Immunoglobulins

Endocannabinoids

28
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

a.k.a antibodies

Glycoprotein mol prod by plasma cells (WBCs).

Act as a critical part of the immune response by specifically recognising + binding to particular antigens i.e bacteria or viruses + aiding in their destruction.

29
Q

What are endocannabinoids?

A

Endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors.

30
Q

What does the use of antibiotics in infants do to gut microbiota?

A

Shifts its composition towards a high abundance of proteobacteria + low abundance of actinobacteria populations.

⬇️ overall diversity of microbiota

Selects for drug-resistant bacteria

31
Q

What is childhood microbiota affected by?

A

Geography + food culture

32
Q

What is the gut microbiota of children in advanced countries dominated by?

A

Bacteroides

Firmicutes

33
Q

What is the gut microbiota of children in developing countries dominated by?

A

Prevotella

Nutrition Science (17 decks)

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