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Nutrition Science > W4 - Nutrition - Pregnancy, Baby, Early Age & Children > Flashcards

W4 - Nutrition - Pregnancy, Baby, Early Age & Children Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does a zygote nourish itself?

A

By absorbing secretions from glands in the uterus + digesting some of the uterine lining.

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2
Q

What happens as a zygote develops into an embryo?

A

Placenta begins to form inside the mother’s uterus.

Placenta then takes over the role of delivering nourishment.

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3
Q

What can the placenta synthesise?

A

FAs

Cholesterol

Glycogen

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4
Q

What does the placenta’s size + ability to support optimal fetal growth depend on?

A

Mother’s nutritional status

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5
Q

What condition is the placenta normally in for poorly nourished women?

A

Smaller

W/ fewer bv

Smaller cells

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6
Q

What does it mean if the placenta is smaller than normal?

A

The area of contact between mother + fetus is reduced which ⬇️ placentas capacity to deliver nutrients + remove wastes.

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7
Q

Why does a pregnant woman need more energy?

A

Support growth of her own tissues as well as those of the fetus.

Also to fuel the extra metabolic workload pregnancy puts on a woman’s heart, lungs + other organs.

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8
Q

What energy increases are recommended for pregnant women?

A

3rd trimester = daily ⬆️ of ~200 kcal/day

= May be more if the woman is quite physically active.

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9
Q

What is the average weight gain during pregnancy?

A

10-12kg

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10
Q

What are the risks to infants being born small?

A

Higher risk of developing heart disease, high blood cholesterol levels + high bp

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11
Q

What is the primary regulator of energy use in the body?

A

Thyroid hormone

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12
Q

What do pregnant women need to do to ensure adequate production of the thyroid hormone to regulate energy use during pregnancy?

A

To consume sufficient amounts of iodine.

  • Can be met using iodised salt.
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13
Q

What are the protein intake recommendations for pregnant women?

A

More than 50% above those for non pregnant women.

Vegan/Veg mothers may have to ⬆️ further due to the red. bioavailability of plant protein comp to animal protein.

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14
Q

Why are essential FAs req in pregnancy for the fetus?

A

For normal fetal growth + development, esp for the brain + eyes.

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15
Q

What can sufficient intakes of omega-3 FA do for a pregnant woman?

A

May improve gestation duration + infant birth weight, length + head circumference.

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16
Q

What are folate + Vitamin B-12 critical for during pregnancy?

A

For the synthesis of DNA + fetal + maternal cells.

RBC formation (req. folate) ⬆️ during pregnancy.

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17
Q

What happens during pregnancy when folate intake is insufficient?

A

Fewer RBCs are synthesised

= Folate-related anaemia.

Insufficient folate intake may also cause premature birth, LBW + spontaneous abortion.

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18
Q

Which pregnant women are more likely to need a Vitamin B12 supplement?

A

Vegan women

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19
Q

Why do iron needs rise significantly during pregnancy?

A

Due to ⬆️ no. of maternal RBC + accumulating fetal iron stores.

Iron stored prior to pregnancy can supply some of the extra iron however most women enter pregnancy w/ poor iron stores.

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20
Q

What happens to maternal absorption of iron when woman becomes pregnant?

A

⬆️ up to 3 times + mineral is conserved due to menstruation stopping during pregnancy.

But still the need can be difficult to meet.

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21
Q

What might pregnant women need to also do if they take an iron supplement?

A

May also need to take zinc + copper supplements due to iron interfering with their absorption + utilisation

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22
Q

Potential negative effects to pregnant woman taking iron supplements

A

⬇️ appetite

Nausea

Constipation

= Taking iron between meals or before going to bed can ⬇️ these problems.

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23
Q

What can help boost iron absorption?

A

Eating foods rich in vitamin C

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24
Q

What can pregnant women in an iron deficiency aneamia state also experience?

A

Preeclampsia

Labour + delivery complications

⬆️ risk of death

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25
Q

Explain the normal change occurring during pregnancy called the anaemia of pregnancy

A

When pregnant:

No. of maternal RBC ⬆️ 20-30%

Plasma expands 50%.

== Creating a lower RBC:Total blood vol

== Hemodilution

(NO danger to health of mother or fetus)

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26
Q

Nutrients needed for bone + tooth development of the fetus

A

Lots of Vitamin D, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium + Fluoride.

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27
Q

How much calcium does a full-term fetus store?

A

~30,000 mg

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28
Q

Nutrients needed for bone + tooth development of the fetus

Calcium in particular is one of these but why doesn’t the recommended intake to the mother rise during pregnancy?

A

Because in early pregnancy the mothers body adjusts to absorb Ca2+ in a much more efficient way:

  • Ca2+ is stockpiled in mothers bones (ready for late pregnancy + lactation).
29
Q

Nutrients needed for bone + tooth development of the fetus

What may insufficient vitamin D intake by the mother cause to her and the fetus?

A

Mother - Osteomalacia

Fetus - Rickets, LBW, lack of enamel on teeth.

30
Q

Which type of pregnant women are at risk of consuming insufficient Calcium?

A

Vegans

Pregnant Teens

Those at risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension

Those who don’t consume dairy products

31
Q

What should pregnant women do whose intake of Vitamin D is insufficient?

A

They should choose foods fortified w/ calcium + vitamin D

32
Q

Effect of a deficiency in calcium to the fetus

A

⬇️ bone density

33
Q

Effect of a deficiency in iron to the fetus

A

LBW

Premature birth

⬆️ Risk of fetal or infant death

34
Q

Effect of a deficiency in iodine to the fetus

A

Cretinism (mental + physical growth retardation)

35
Q

Effect of a deficiency in zinc to the fetus

A

NS malformation

Growth Retardation

Birth defects affecting brain + bones

36
Q

What are the prenatal development stages?

A

Conception
Zygotic
Embryonic
Fetal

37
Q

Maternal factors influencing immune system in early life

A

Gut microbiota

Vaginal infection

Periodontitis

38
Q

Postnatal factors influencing immune system in early life

A

Antibiotics

Breast feeding

Host genetics

Env

39
Q

Effect of a deficiency in vitamin A to the fetus

A

Premature birth

Eye abnormalities + impaired vision

40
Q

Effect of a deficiency in folate to the fetus

A

Spontaneous abortion

Fluid accumulation in skull –> brain damage

Neural tube defects - if tube doesn’t fully close = cond. called Spina Bifida in which baby will be born w/ an exposed spinal cord

Premature birth

41
Q

Effect of a deficiency in calories to the fetus

A

Growth retardation

LBW

42
Q

Effect of a deficiency in protein to the fetus

A

⬇️ head circumference

43
Q

Effect of a deficiency in Vitamin C to the fetus

A

Premature birth

44
Q

Effect of an excess in calories to the fetus

A

High birth weight

45
Q

Effect of an excess in calories to the mother

A

Labour + delivery complications

46
Q

Effect of an excess in protein to the fetus

A

If coupled w/ low CHO intake it lowers glucose available to the fetus.

47
Q

Effect of an excess in Vitamin c to the fetus

A

Sudden drop after brith can cause a deficiency

48
Q

Effect of an excess in vitamin A to the fetus

A

NS + CV system birth defects

Facial deformation

49
Q

Effect of an excess in vitamin D to the fetus

A

Calcification of soft tissues

Mental + growth retardation

50
Q

Effect of an excess in iodine to the fetus

A

Thyroid disorder

51
Q

How does gestational diabetes come about?

A

Hormones synthesised by the placenta ⬇️ the efficiency of insulin + lead to a small ⬆️ in blood glucose.

An excessive rise can lead to the gestational diabetes.

52
Q

Foodborne Pathogens & pregnancy

A

Risk of foodborns illness - Listeriosis, ⬆️ during pregnancy = preg women should avoid raw veg, raw or undercooked meat + fish + unpasteurised milk.

53
Q

What can listeriosis do to pregnant women?

A

Cause spontaneous abortion

Premature delivery

Infections in the newborn

54
Q

Growing of the baby is going to rearrange the mothers GI tract, what can this cause?

A

Nausea

Gastric burn

Constipation

55
Q

How does constipation come about in pregnant women?

A

Hormones relax intestinal muscles = slows digestion = ⬆️ nutrient absorption.

Slowing of digestion also causes more H20 than normal to be reabsorbed = hard + dry stools.

Also, iron supplements may cause these types of stools.

56
Q

How can Edema come about in pregnant women?

A

Placental hormones cause body tissues to retain fluid during pregnancy.

Bvol also ⬆️ during pregnant.

= Extra fluid normally causes some swelling (Edema).

+ Enlarging uterus compresses bv in legs which slows down blood circulation + removal of waste products (incl H20). = Edema in lower legs.

57
Q

When might Edema be a cause of concern in the lower legs for pregnant women?

A

When accompanied by:

  • High bp
  • Protein in urine
  • Failure of edema to subside when she elevates her feet
58
Q

List some key nutrients that pregnant women really require

A

Protein

Omega-3 FA

Folic acid

Zinc

B12

Iron

59
Q

Benefits of breastfeeding to the MOTHER

A

Can help return to original weight - uses ~500kcal/day + due to the loss of pregnancy-associated adipose tissue

Form of anti-conceptive

⬇️ risk of developing arthritis, CVD, breast + ovarian cancer

Free

Fosters psychological mother-infant bonding

Easier to reg food intake for the baby

60
Q

Name the principal hormone promoting milk production

A

Prolactin

61
Q

What is the manufacture + secretion of prolactin stimulates by?

A

Birth of baby

Suckling by baby

62
Q

How does suckling from the baby stimulate secretion of prolactin?

A

Baby suckles on breast –> nerve signals stimulate pituitary gland in brain to release the prolactin.

Prolactin travels in blood to milk-prod glands in breast = stimulating them to synthesise milk.

63
Q

What is the let-down reflex?

A

Reflex stimulated by infant sucking to cause release of milk from milk ducts in mothers breast.

64
Q

How can the let-down reflex be inhibited?

A

Nervous tension

Lack of confidence

Fatigue

65
Q

Consideration for breastfeeding women

A

Not always a straight forward process

Can be difficult + sleep loss

Not possible if mother has to work or has low milk prod

Those w/ postpartum depression may not be inclined to breastfeed

Cultural barriers/beliefs

66
Q

Why is it very important that a breastfeeding mother stays optimally hydrated?

A

H20 is main component of human milk

Inadequate H20 intake can alter her milk composition, ⬇️ vol of milk produced + lead to maternal dehydration.

67
Q

How much should a breastfeeding mother increase her calorie intake for the 0-6 month period?

A

~350kcal/day

68
Q

Food choices during lactation

A

They should consume sufficient amounts of Omega-3 FAs as they’re secreted into breast milk + important in the development of the infants NS.

Nutrition Science (17 decks)

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